Abstract
Aims The objective was to clarify the relationship between soil texture and characteristics of winter wheat cultivars in regard to nitrogen metabolism and utilization with different protein content. We planted the cultivars on three types of soil with different texture and looked for the optimum winter wheat cultivar under specific soil texture conditions. Methods Field experiments using three winter wheat cultivars (‘ZM366’, ‘AK58’ and ‘ZM22’) with different protein content were carried out on soils of three textures, i.e. sandy, loam and clay soils, at the city of Huaxian, Henan Province, China during the 2011-2012 winter wheat growing season. Important findings Soil texture greatly affected patterns of N metabolism and utilization efficiency. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and free amino acid content in the three varieties graphed as inverted V-shapes with different peak time depending on the soil texture. The peak of plants grown on sandy soil occurred 10 days earlier than plants on loam and clay soils. Moreover, on May 22 the GS activity and free amino acid content of plantsgrown on sandy soil was not detected. Cultivars grown on loam soil had the highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains, as well as nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR), grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE). Whereas, the highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC), N harvest index (NHI) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) appeared in the plants grown on sandy soil. Also, the NRC was 82.46%-95.84% and NR was about seven-fold higher than post-anthesis NA for plants on sandy soil. However, contribution of post-anthesis NA was higher for plants grown on loam soil and clay soil which were 36.6% and 29.2%, respectively. Among the three winter wheat cultivars planted on the same soil texture, ‘ZM366’ was the highest with GS activity, free amino acid content, grain yield, protein content, NUE and NPE on sandy soil. However, for loam soil, ‘AK58’ is the best, and ‘ZM22’ was the best on clay soil. Consequently, it is important to breed and cultivate winter wheat cultivars according to soil texture. We concluded that ‘ZM366’ is the most suitable cultivar for sandy soil, ‘AK58’ is the best for loam soil, and ‘ZM22’ is the best for clay soil, so as to obtain higher yield and high quality in winter wheat and improve NUE.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
GS activity and free amino acids had inverted V patterns with soil-dependent peak timing
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and free amino acid contente0
- Qualifier
- inverted V-shapese0
- Setting
- soil texturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and free amino acid content in the three varieties graphed as inverted V-shapes with different peak time depending on the soil texture. The peak of plants grown on sandy soil occurred 10 days earlier than plants on loam and clay soils.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The peak on sandy soil was 10 days earlier than on loam and clay soils
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- peake0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 10 dayse0
- Comparator
- loam and clay soilse0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and free amino acid content in the three varieties graphed as inverted V-shapes with different peak time depending on the soil texture. The peak of plants grown on sandy soil occurred 10 days earlier than plants on loam and clay soils.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GS activity and free amino acids were not detected on sandy soil on May 22
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- GS activity and free amino acid contente0
- Direction
- not detectede0
- Qualifier
- on May 22e0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, on May 22 the GS activity and free amino acid content of plantsgrown on sandy soil was not detected.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Loam soil gave highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grainse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars grown on loam soil had the highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains, as well as nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR), grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Loam soil gave highest nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars grown on loam soil had the highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains, as well as nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR), grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Loam soil gave highest grain yield
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars grown on loam soil had the highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains, as well as nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR), grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Loam soil gave highest N use efficiency (NUE)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N use efficiency (NUE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivars grown on loam soil had the highest preand post-anthesis N accumulation (NA) of total plant, leaves, stems and grains, as well as nitrogen remobilization to grain (NR), grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE).”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soil gave highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N remobilization efficiency (NRE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas, the highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC), N harvest index (NHI) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) appeared in the plants grown on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soil gave highest contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas, the highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC), N harvest index (NHI) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) appeared in the plants grown on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soil gave highest N harvest index (NHI)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N harvest index (NHI)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas, the highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC), N harvest index (NHI) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) appeared in the plants grown on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sandy soil gave highest N physiological efficiency (NPE)
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- N physiological efficiency (NPE)e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Whereas, the highest N remobilization efficiency (NRE), contribution of N remobilized to grain nitrogen (NRC), N harvest index (NHI) and N physiological efficiency (NPE) appeared in the plants grown on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NRC on sandy soil was 82.46%-95.84%
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NRCe0
- Value
- 82.46%-95.84%e0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, the NRC was 82.46%-95.84% and NR was about seven-fold higher than post-anthesis NA for plants on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
NR was about seven-fold higher than post-anthesis NA on sandy soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- NRe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- seven-folde0
- Comparator
- post-anthesis NAe0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Also, the NRC was 82.46%-95.84% and NR was about seven-fold higher than post-anthesis NA for plants on sandy soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis NA contribution was 36.6% on loam soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- contribution of post-anthesis NAe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 36.6%e0
- Setting
- loam soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, contribution of post-anthesis NA was higher for plants grown on loam soil and clay soil which were 36.6% and 29.2%, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis NA contribution was 29.2% on clay soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- contribution of post-anthesis NAe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29.2%e0
- Setting
- clay soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, contribution of post-anthesis NA was higher for plants grown on loam soil and clay soil which were 36.6% and 29.2%, respectively.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM366 was highest for GS activity, free amino acid content on sandy soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- ‘ZM366’e0
- Outcome
- GS activity, free amino acid contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the three winter wheat cultivars planted on the same soil texture, ‘ZM366’ was the highest with GS activity, free amino acid content, grain yield, protein content, NUE and NPE on sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM366 was highest for grain yield on sandy soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- ‘ZM366’e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the three winter wheat cultivars planted on the same soil texture, ‘ZM366’ was the highest with GS activity, free amino acid content, grain yield, protein content, NUE and NPE on sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
ZM366 was highest for protein content, NUE and NPE on sandy soil
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- ‘ZM366’e0
- Outcome
- protein content, NUE and NPEe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- sandy soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the three winter wheat cultivars planted on the same soil texture, ‘ZM366’ was the highest with GS activity, free amino acid content, grain yield, protein content, NUE and NPE on sandy soil.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘AK58’ was best on loam soil
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, for loam soil, ‘AK58’ is the best, and ‘ZM22’ was the best on clay soil.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
‘ZM22’ was best on clay soil
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, for loam soil, ‘AK58’ is the best, and ‘ZM22’ was the best on clay soil.”
t0“winter wheat”