Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) can not only improve host plants nutrient absorption, but also enhance their disease resistance. Taking the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedlings preinoculated with axbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus versiforme as test materials, this paper studied their protective enzyme activities and defense-related genes expression, and their resistance against a fungal pathogen Alternaria solani Sorauer which causes early blight. The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves. The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation, and the Leaf POD activity reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation, being 762%, 18.3%, and 1710% higher, respectively. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed that dual inoculation with C. versiforme and A. solani strongly induced the expression of three defense-related genes. The transcript levels of pathogen-related protein (PR1), basic type beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), and chitinase (PR-3) in leaves were 9.67-, 8.54-, and 13.4-fold higher, as compared with the non-inoculation control, respectively. Bioassay showed that the disease incidence and disease index of the seedlings pre-inoculated with C. versiforme were reduced by 36.3% and 61.4%, respectively, as compared with the non-mycorrhizal control plants. These findings indicated that mycorrhizal colonization could induce stronger and quicker defense responses of host tomato plants, and priming could be an important mechanism of the enhanced disease resistance of mycorrhizal tomato plants.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf SOD activity 28.6% above plants inoculated with G. versiforme alone, at its maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solani
Alternaria solanie1pathogen - Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf SOD activitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 28.6%e2
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculatione2
- Comparator
- plants with G. versiforme inoculation alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf SOD activity 79.2% above pathogen inoculation alone, at its maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf SOD activitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 79.2%e2
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculatione2
- Comparator
- pathogen inoculation alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf SOD activity 82.8% above non-inoculated plants, at its maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf SOD activitye2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 82.8%e2
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculatione2
- Comparator
- non-inoculatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf POD activity 762% above plants inoculated with G. versiforme alone, at its maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf POD activitye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 762%e3
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculatione3
- Comparator
- plants with G. versiforme inoculation alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
e3“the Leaf POD activity reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation, being 762%, 18.3%, and 1710% higher, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf POD activity 18.3% above pathogen inoculation alone, at its maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf POD activitye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 18.3%e3
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculatione3
- Comparator
- pathogen inoculation alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
e3“the Leaf POD activity reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation, being 762%, 18.3%, and 1710% higher, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with AMF followed by A. solani raised leaf POD activity 1710% above non-inoculated plants, at its maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- G. versiformeDiversispora versiformise2symbiont
- Outcome
- Leaf POD activitye3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 1710%e3
- Qualifier
- reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculatione3
- Comparator
- non-inoculatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e2“The leaf SOD activity of the dually inoculated plants reached the maximum 18 h after pathogen inoculation, being 28.6%, 79.2% and 82.8% higher than that of the plants with G. versiforme inoculation alone, pathogen inoculation alone, and non-inoculation”
e3“the Leaf POD activity reached the maximum 65 h after pathogen inoculation, being 762%, 18.3%, and 1710% higher, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation raised transcript levels of the pathogen-related protein PR1 in leaves 9.67-fold over the non-inoculation control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Gene
- pathogen-related protein (PR1)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 9.67e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e4“The transcript levels of pathogen-related protein (PR1), basic type beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), and chitinase (PR-3) in leaves were 9.67-, 8.54-, and 13.4-fold higher, as compared with the non-inoculation control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation raised transcript levels of basic type beta-1,3-glucanase PR-2 in leaves 8.54-fold over the non-inoculation control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Gene
- basic type beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 8.54e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e4“The transcript levels of pathogen-related protein (PR1), basic type beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), and chitinase (PR-3) in leaves were 9.67-, 8.54-, and 13.4-fold higher, as compared with the non-inoculation control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Dual inoculation raised transcript levels of chitinase PR-3 in leaves 13.4-fold over the non-inoculation control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solanie1
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Gene
- chitinase (PR-3)e4
- Outcome
- transcript levelse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 13.4e4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e4“The transcript levels of pathogen-related protein (PR1), basic type beta-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), and chitinase (PR-3) in leaves were 9.67-, 8.54-, and 13.4-fold higher, as compared with the non-inoculation control, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with Glomus versiforme reduced early blight disease incidence in tomato seedlings by 36.3% compared with non-mycorrhizal control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with C. versiformee5
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- C. versiformee5symbiont
- Outcome
- disease incidencee5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 36.3%e5
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhizal control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e5“Bioassay showed that the disease incidence and disease index of the seedlings pre-inoculated with C. versiforme were reduced by 36.3% and 61.4%, respectively, as compared with the non-mycorrhizal control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-inoculation with Glomus versiforme reduced the early blight disease index in tomato seedlings by 61.4% compared with non-mycorrhizal control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pre-inoculated with C. versiformee5
- Interactor
- A. solaniAlternaria solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- C. versiformee5symbiont
- Outcome
- disease indexe5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- 61.4%e5
- Comparator
- non-mycorrhizal control plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e1“The seedlings pre-inoculated with AMF and later inoculated with A. solani showed significantly higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves”
e5“Bioassay showed that the disease incidence and disease index of the seedlings pre-inoculated with C. versiforme were reduced by 36.3% and 61.4%, respectively, as compared with the non-mycorrhizal control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming could be an important mechanism of the enhanced disease resistance of mycorrhizal tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- enhanced disease resistancee6
- Qualifier
- priming could be an important mechanisme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato plants”
e6“priming could be an important mechanism of the enhanced disease resistance of mycorrhizal tomato plants”
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