Abstract
Balanophora japonica and B. yakushimensis are two putatively agamospermic taxa previously reported from southern Japan. Their inflorescences superficially represent those of B. laxiflora and B. fungosa. In this study we confirmed their presence in Taiwan by morphological and phylogenetic analysis using nuclear 18S rDNA and nrITS sequences with related taxa. B. japonica, B. yaku- shimensis, and B. laxiflora formed a well-supported clade that is distinct from other Balanophora. All three taxa also show considerable differences on morphological and nucleotide sequence differences, therefore the name of B. yakushimensis is retained. The results provide new insights on the intrageneric classification of Balanophora and suggest the positioning of female flowers should be down-weighted. We also successfully identify the hosts of B. japonica and B. yakushimensis by amplifying chloro- plast matK sequences from the connected root tissues. The results showed that B. japonica parasitizes on Symplocos species, and that B. yakushimensis parasitizes on Distylium racemosum in Japan and Schima superba in Taiwan's population.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
B. japonica was confirmed present in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- Balanophora japonicaBalanophora japonicae1
- Outcome
- presence in Taiwane0
- Setting
- Taiwane0
Verbatim
e0“In this study we confirmed their presence in Taiwan by morphological and phylogenetic analysis using nuclear 18S rDNA and nrITS sequences with related taxa.”
e1“Balanophora japonica and B. yakushimensis are two putatively agamospermic taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
B. yakushimensis was confirmed present in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- B. yakushimensisBalanophora yakushimensise1
- Outcome
- presence in Taiwane0
- Setting
- Taiwane0
Verbatim
e0“In this study we confirmed their presence in Taiwan by morphological and phylogenetic analysis using nuclear 18S rDNA and nrITS sequences with related taxa.”
e1“Balanophora japonica and B. yakushimensis are two putatively agamospermic taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
B. japonica, B. yakushimensis and B. laxiflora formed a well-supported clade distinct from other Balanophora.
- Taxon
- Balanophora japonicaBalanophora japonicae1
- Outcome
- well-supported clade that is distinct from other Balanophorae0
- Comparator
- other Balanophorae0
Verbatim
e0“B. japonica, B. yaku- shimensis, and B. laxiflora formed a well-supported clade that is distinct from other Balanophora.”
e1“Balanophora japonica and B. yakushimensis are two putatively agamospermic taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
The three taxa showed considerable morphological differences.
- Taxon
- B. japonicaBalanophora japonicae1
- Outcome
- morphologicale0
- Direction
- considerable differencese0
Verbatim
e0“All three taxa also show considerable differences on morphological and nucleotide sequence differences”
e1“B. japonica, B. yaku- shimensis, and B. laxiflora formed a well-supported clade”
Claim · model-written summary
The three taxa showed considerable nucleotide sequence differences.
- Taxon
- B. japonicaBalanophora japonicae1
- Outcome
- nucleotide sequence differencese0
- Direction
- considerable differencese0
Verbatim
e0“All three taxa also show considerable differences on morphological and nucleotide sequence differences”
e1“B. japonica, B. yaku- shimensis, and B. laxiflora formed a well-supported clade”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors retained the name B. yakushimensis.
- Taxon
- B. yakushimensisBalanophora yakushimensise0
- Outcome
- name of B. yakushimensis is retainede0
Verbatim
e0“therefore the name of B. yakushimensis is retained.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest reducing the taxonomic weight of female flower position.
- Taxon
- Balanophora japonicaBalanophora japonicae1
- Organ / stage
- female flowerse0
- Outcome
- positioning of female flowers should be down-weightede0
Verbatim
e0“suggest the positioning of female flowers should be down-weighted.”
e1“Balanophora japonica and B. yakushimensis are two putatively agamospermic taxa”
Claim · model-written summary
B. japonica parasitizes Symplocos species.
- Taxon
- B. japonicaBalanophora japonicae0
- Outcome
- parasitizes on Symplocos speciese0
SymplocosOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. japonica parasitizes on Symplocos species”
Claim · model-written summary
B. yakushimensis parasitizes Distylium racemosum in Japan.
- Taxon
- B. yakushimensisBalanophora yakushimensise0
- Interactor
- Distylium racemosum
Distylium racemosume0host - Outcome
- parasitizes on Distylium racemosume0
- Setting
- Japane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. yakushimensis parasitizes on Distylium racemosum in Japan and Schima superba in Taiwan's population.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. yakushimensis parasitizes Schima superba in Taiwan.
- Taxon
- B. yakushimensisBalanophora yakushimensise0
- Interactor
- Schima superba
Schima superbae0host - Outcome
- Schima superba in Taiwan's populatione0
- Setting
- Taiwane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. yakushimensis parasitizes on Distylium racemosum in Japan and Schima superba in Taiwan's population.”