Abstract
Alien plant invasions are tightly correlated with disturbance,and seed germination and seedling establishment are the most vulnerable plant life-history stages,and also the key stages for alien plant invasions.To evaluate the roles of disturbance in success invasion of noxious Ageratina adenophora,responses to disturbance intensities of seed germination,seedling establishment and growth of this plant were studied by simulating natural invasion process into artificial pasture community after man-made disturbances(remove different area of forage grass).Irradiance under canopy increased with increasing disturbance.Relative irradiance under canopy after 15 cm,20 cm,25 cm,30 cm,and 35 cm(diameter) disturbance were 6%,9%,16%,20%,and 28% respectively.At all disturbance intensities,Ageratina seeds were able to germinate,and seedlings were able to survive and colonize.The percentages of seed germination(40%-50%),seedling survive(26%-40%) and establishment(11%-15%)were not significantly different between disturbances.Seedlings successfully established were not found at 100% irradiance.Plant height,crown width,leaf number,leaf length,leaf width,individual leaf area,and total leaf area increased with increasing disturbance.The crown width,leaf number,and total leaf area were the biggest at 100% irradiance.Our results indicated that Ageratina had a strong ability to tolerate shade,and small disturbance might lead to invasion success for this plant.The abilities to grow slowly at adverse environments and to grow fast after environments improved might be a key strategy for Ageratina invasion.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Under-canopy irradiance rose with disturbance intensity.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophora
_2.jpg?width=60)
Ageratina adenophorat0 - Treatment
- disturbancee0
- Outcome
- Irradiance under canopye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“Irradiance under canopy increased with increasing disturbance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Relative under-canopy irradiance was 6%, 9%, 16%, 20% and 28% after disturbances of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 cm diameter, respectively.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- Relative irradiance under canopye0
- Value
- 6%,9%,16%,20%,and 28%e0
- Qualifier
- 15 cm,20 cm,25 cm,30 cm,and 35 cm(diameter) disturbancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“Relative irradiance under canopy after 15 cm,20 cm,25 cm,30 cm,and 35 cm(diameter) disturbance were 6%,9%,16%,20%,and 28% respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds germinated at every disturbance intensity.
- Outcome
- seeds were able to germinatee0
.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
AgeratinaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At all disturbance intensities,Ageratina seeds were able to germinate,and seedlings were able to survive and colonize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedlings survived and colonized at every disturbance intensity.
- Outcome
- seedlings were able to survive and colonizee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At all disturbance intensities,Ageratina seeds were able to germinate,and seedlings were able to survive and colonize.”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of 40%-50% did not differ significantly among disturbances.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancese0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- 40%-50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“The percentages of seed germination(40%-50%),seedling survive(26%-40%) and establishment(11%-15%)were not significantly different between disturbances.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling survival of 26%-40% did not differ significantly among disturbances.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancese0
- Outcome
- seedling survivee0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- 26%-40%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“The percentages of seed germination(40%-50%),seedling survive(26%-40%) and establishment(11%-15%)were not significantly different between disturbances.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling establishment of 11%-15% did not differ significantly among disturbances.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancese0
- Outcome
- establishmente0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Value
- 11%-15%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“The percentages of seed germination(40%-50%),seedling survive(26%-40%) and establishment(11%-15%)were not significantly different between disturbances.”
Claim · model-written summary
No seedlings established at 100% irradiance.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- Seedlings successfully established were not founde0
- Qualifier
- 100% irradiancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“Seedlings successfully established were not found at 100% irradiance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Height, crown width and leaf number increased with disturbance.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancee0
- Outcome
- Plant height,crown width,leaf numbere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“Plant height,crown width,leaf number,leaf length,leaf width,individual leaf area,and total leaf area increased with increasing disturbance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf length, width and individual leaf area increased with disturbance.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancee0
- Outcome
- leaf length,leaf width,individual leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“Plant height,crown width,leaf number,leaf length,leaf width,individual leaf area,and total leaf area increased with increasing disturbance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Total leaf area increased with disturbance.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- disturbancee0
- Outcome
- total leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“total leaf area increased with increasing disturbance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown width, leaf number and total leaf area were greatest at 100% irradiance.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Outcome
- crown width,leaf number,and total leaf areae0
- Direction
- biggeste0
- Qualifier
- 100% irradiancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
e0“The crown width,leaf number,and total leaf area were the biggest at 100% irradiance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Ageratina tolerated shade strongly.
- Outcome
- strong ability to tolerate shadee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results indicated that Ageratina had a strong ability to tolerate shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Small disturbances may permit Ageratina invasion.
- Taxon
- Ageratina adenophoraAgeratina adenophorat0
- Treatment
- small disturbancee0
- Outcome
- invasion successe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small disturbance might lead to invasion success for this plant.”
t0“Ageratina adenophora”
Claim · model-written summary
Slow growth in adverse environments and rapid growth after improvement may be an invasion strategy.
- Outcome
- Ageratina invasione0
- Qualifier
- grow slowly at adverse environments and to grow fast after environments improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abilities to grow slowly at adverse environments and to grow fast after environments improved might be a key strategy for Ageratina invasion.”