Abstract
Background and aims Traits related to root depth distribution were examined in Trifolium repens × T. uniflorum backcross 1 (BC1) hybrids to determine whether root characteristics of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridization. Methods Two white clover cultivars, two T. uniflorum accessions and two BC1 populations were grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture. Maximum rooting depth and root mass distribution were measured at four harvests over time, and root distribution data were fitted with a regression model to provide measures of root system shape. Morphological traits were measured at two depths at harvest 3. Key Results Root system shape of the hybrids was more similar to T. uniflorum than to white clover. The hybrids and T. uniflorum had a higher rate of decrease in root mass with depth than white clover, which would result in higher proportions of root mass in the upper profile. Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depth was higher for T. uniflorum than white clover, and for Crusader BC1 than 'Crusader'. Roots of the hybrids and T. uniflorum also penetrated deeper than those of white clover. T. uniflorum had thicker roots at 50-100 mm deep than the other entries, and more of its fine root mass at 400-500 mm. The hybrids and white clover had more of their fine root mass higher in the profile. Consequently, T. uniflorum had a higher root length density at 400-500 mm than most entries, and a smaller decrease in root length density with depth. Conclusions These results demonstrate that rooting characteristics of white clover can be altered by hybridization with T. uniflorum, potentially improving water and nutrient acquisition and drought resistance. Root traits of T. uniflorum are likely to be adaptations to soil moisture and fertility in its natural environment.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Root system shape of the hybrids was more similar to T. uniflorum than to white clover
- Taxon
- Trifolium repens
Trifolium repense0 - Material
- hybridse1
- Outcome
- root system shapee1
- Direction
- more similare1
- Comparator
- white clovere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Root system shape of the hybrids was more similar to T. uniflorum than to white clover”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and T. uniflorum had a higher rate of decrease in root mass with depth than white clover
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- hybrids and T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- rate of decrease in root mass with depthe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- white clovere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“The hybrids and T. uniflorum had a higher rate of decrease in root mass with depth than white clover, which would result in higher proportions of root mass in the upper profile”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and T. uniflorum would have higher proportions of root mass in the upper profile
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- hybrids and T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- proportions of root mass in the upper profilee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- white clovere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“The hybrids and T. uniflorum had a higher rate of decrease in root mass with depth than white clover, which would result in higher proportions of root mass in the upper profile”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
T. uniflorum had a higher percentage of total root mass at 100-200 mm depth than white clover
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depthe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- white clovere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depth was higher for T. uniflorum than white clover, and for Crusader BC1 than 'Crusader'”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Crusader BC1 had a higher percentage of total root mass at 100-200 mm depth than Crusader
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- Crusader BC1e1
- Outcome
- Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depthe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- Crusadere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depth was higher for T. uniflorum than white clover, and for Crusader BC1 than 'Crusader'”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots of hybrids and T. uniflorum penetrated deeper than white clover roots
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- hybrids and T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- penetratede1
- Direction
- deepere1
- Comparator
- white clovere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Roots of the hybrids and T. uniflorum also penetrated deeper than those of white clover”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
T. uniflorum had thicker roots at 50-100 mm deep than the other entries
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- roots at 50-100 mm deepe1
- Direction
- thickere1
- Comparator
- the other entriese1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“T. uniflorum had thicker roots at 50-100 mm deep than the other entries, and more of its fine root mass at 400-500 mm”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
T. uniflorum had more fine root mass at 400-500 mm
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- fine root mass at 400-500 mme1
- Direction
- moree1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“T. uniflorum had thicker roots at 50-100 mm deep than the other entries, and more of its fine root mass at 400-500 mm”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrids and white clover had more fine root mass higher in the profile
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- hybrids and white clovere1
- Outcome
- fine root mass higher in the profilee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“The hybrids and white clover had more of their fine root mass higher in the profile”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
T. uniflorum had a higher root length density at 400-500 mm than most entries
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- root length density at 400-500 mme1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- most entriese1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Consequently, T. uniflorum had a higher root length density at 400-500 mm than most entries, and a smaller decrease in root length density with depth”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
T. uniflorum had a smaller decrease in root length density with depth
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Material
- T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- decrease in root length density with depthe1
- Direction
- smallere1
- Setting
- sand culturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“Consequently, T. uniflorum had a higher root length density at 400-500 mm than most entries, and a smaller decrease in root length density with depth”
e2“grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybridization with T. uniflorum could improve water and nutrient acquisition and drought resistance of white clover
- Taxon
- Trifolium repensTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- hybridization with T. uniflorume1
- Outcome
- water and nutrient acquisitione1
- Direction
- improvinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium repens×T. unifloruminterspecific hybrids”
e1“These results demonstrate that rooting characteristics of white clover can be altered by hybridization with T. uniflorum, potentially improving water and nutrient acquisition and drought resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Root traits of T. uniflorum are likely adaptations to soil moisture and fertility in its natural environment
- Taxon
- T. uniflorum
Trifolium uniflorume0 - Outcome
- adaptationse0
- Qualifier
- soil moisture and fertilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root traits of T. uniflorum are likely to be adaptations to soil moisture and fertility in its natural environment”