Abstract
Cuticular waxes from fresh grapes and leaves of Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids, and Parthenocissus quinquefolia were extracted with cold chloroform. The main constituent of the waxes from grapes was oleanolic acid, which is present in the surface wax of leaves in only small amounts. The chloroform extracts were separated by extraction with petroleum ether into the insoluble "hard wax", consisting mainly of oleanolic acid, and the soluble "soft wax," which was fractionated by chromatography on aluminum oxide into hydrocarbons, an "ester-aldehyde" fraction, free alcohols, and free acids. The waxes of all grape vine varieties appeared to have a similar composition except V. labrusca var Isabella, which contained a much higher amount of hydrocarbons in the cuticular wax. The compositions of the hydrocarbons, free alcohols, and free acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The following chain-length distributions were found: hydrocarbons, n-C18 to n-C35, with n-C25, n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31 as main constituents; alcohols, n-C20 to n-C34, with n-C26 in grapes and n-C28 and n-C30 in leaves as main constituents; acids, n-C14 to n-C32, with n-C26 as the main constituent. Except for the high content of paraffins in V. labrusca, the differences between the analyzed varieties and species of grape vines were small.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Oleanolic acid was the main constituent of grape wax.
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main constituent of the waxes from grapes was oleanolic acid”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleanolic acid occurred only in small amounts in leaf surface wax.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oleanolic acid, which is present in the surface wax of leaves in only small amounts”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
The insoluble hard wax consisted mainly of oleanolic acid.
- Outcome
- hard wax", consisting mainly of oleanolic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insoluble "hard wax", consisting mainly of oleanolic acid”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
The soluble soft wax contained hydrocarbons, an ester-aldehyde fraction, free alcohols and free acids.
- Outcome
- hydrocarbons, an "ester-aldehyde" fraction, free alcohols, and free acidse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soluble "soft wax," which was fractionated by chromatography on aluminum oxide into hydrocarbons, an "ester-aldehyde" fraction, free alcohols, and free acids”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitis labrusca var Isabella had a much higher cuticular-wax hydrocarbon amount than the otherwise similar grape varieties.
- Material
- V. labrusca var Isabellae0
- Outcome
- hydrocarbons in the cuticular waxe0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Comparator
- all grape vine varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all grape vine varieties appeared to have a similar composition except V. labrusca var Isabella, which contained a much higher amount of hydrocarbons in the cuticular wax”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax hydrocarbons spanned n-C18 to n-C35, with n-C25, n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31 predominant.
- Outcome
- hydrocarbonse0
- Value
- n-C18 to n-C35e0
- Qualifier
- n-C25, n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31 as main constituentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hydrocarbons, n-C18 to n-C35, with n-C25, n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31 as main constituents”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax alcohols spanned n-C20 to n-C34, with n-C26 predominant in grapes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alcohols, n-C20 to n-C34, with n-C26 in grapes and n-C28 and n-C30 in leaves as main constituents”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
N-C28 and n-C30 were the predominant wax alcohols in leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“n-C28 and n-C30 in leaves as main constituents”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax acids spanned n-C14 to n-C32, with n-C26 predominant.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“acids, n-C14 to n-C32, with n-C26 as the main constituent”
e1“Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, several Vitis hybrids”