Abstract
Clover inclusion may increase the sustainability of certain low-maintenance turfgrasses. However, selective weed control within mixed turfgrass–clover swards proves problematic because of clover susceptibility to herbicides. Research was conducted to identify common turf herbicides that are tolerated by three Trifolium species, including white clover, ball clover, and small hop clover, within low-maintenance turfgrass. Leaf and flower density, as well as plant height, were measured 4 wk after treatment as indicators of clover response to 14 herbicides. The three Trifolium spp. were moderately tolerant of bentazon (< 35% decrease in leaf density, height, or flowering). Simazine was well tolerated by white clover (< 5% decrease in all response variables), yet moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover was observed (> 32% decrease in leaf density and > 27% decrease in flower density). Pronamide was well tolerated by white and ball clovers, with no effect on measured response variables; however, pronamide decreased small hop clover height and flower density (38 and 42%, respectively). Imazethapyr and imazamox were moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover (< 39% decrease by all response variables), yet ball clover may be more susceptible to these herbicides than was anticipated based on previously reported tolerance. The herbicides 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzin were well tolerated by white clover, with no effect on measured response variables; however, results suggest ball and small hop clovers were less tolerant. Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron resulted in varying degrees of injury across clover species and response variables, but, in general, these herbicides may not be viable options when attempting to maintain any of the three clover species tested. Further research is needed to quantify long-term effects of herbicide application on sward composition and clover succession.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Bentazon was moderately tolerated by the three Trifolium species, with less than 35% decrease in leaf density, height or flowering.
TrifoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The three Trifolium spp. were moderately tolerant of bentazon (< 35% decrease in leaf density, height, or flowering)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simazine was well tolerated by white clover, with less than 5% decrease in all response variables.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repense1 - Treatment
- Simazinee1
- Outcome
- all response variablese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- < 5%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Simazine was well tolerated by white clover (< 5% decrease in all response variables)”
Claim · model-written summary
Simazine caused moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover, with more than 32% decrease in leaf density.
- Taxon
- ball clover and small hop clovere1
- Treatment
- Simazinee2
- Outcome
- leaf densitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- > 32%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“yet moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover was observed (> 32% decrease in leaf density and > 27% decrease in flower density)”
e2“Simazine was well tolerated by white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Simazine caused moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover, with more than 27% decrease in flower density.
- Taxon
- ball clover and small hop clovere1
- Treatment
- Simazinee2
- Outcome
- flower densitye1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- > 27%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“yet moderate injury to ball clover and small hop clover was observed (> 32% decrease in leaf density and > 27% decrease in flower density)”
e2“Simazine was well tolerated by white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronamide was well tolerated by white and ball clovers, with no effect on the measured response variables.
- Taxon
- white and ball cloverse1
- Treatment
- Pronamidee1
- Outcome
- measured response variablese1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Pronamide was well tolerated by white and ball clovers, with no effect on measured response variables”
Claim · model-written summary
Pronamide decreased small hop clover height and flower density by 38 and 42%, respectively.
- Taxon
- small hop clovere1
- Treatment
- pronamidee1
- Outcome
- height and flower densitye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 38 and 42%e1
- Qualifier
- respectivelye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“however, pronamide decreased small hop clover height and flower density (38 and 42%, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr was moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover, with less than 39% decrease in all response variables.
- Taxon
- white clover and small hop clovere1
- Treatment
- Imazethapyre1
- Outcome
- all response variablese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- < 39%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Imazethapyr and imazamox were moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover (< 39% decrease by all response variables)”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazamox was moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover, with less than 39% decrease in all response variables.
- Taxon
- white clover and small hop clovere1
- Treatment
- imazamoxe1
- Outcome
- all response variablese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- < 39%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Imazethapyr and imazamox were moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover (< 39% decrease by all response variables)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ball clover may be more susceptible to imazethapyr and imazamox than anticipated from previously reported tolerance.
Verbatim
e1“yet ball clover may be more susceptible to these herbicides than was anticipated based on previously reported tolerance”
e2“Imazethapyr and imazamox were moderately well tolerated by white clover and small hop clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicides 2,4-DB, halosulfuron and metribuzin were well tolerated by white clover, with no effect on the measured response variables.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense1
- Treatment
- 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzine1
- Outcome
- measured response variablese1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The herbicides 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzin were well tolerated by white clover, with no effect on measured response variables”
Claim · model-written summary
Results suggest that ball and small hop clovers are less tolerant to 2,4-DB, halosulfuron and metribuzin.
- Taxon
- ball and small hop cloverse2
- Treatment
- 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzine1
- Outcome
- less tolerante2
- Direction
- less tolerante2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The herbicides 2,4-DB, halosulfuron, and metribuzin were well tolerated by white clover, with no effect on measured response variables”
e2“however, results suggest ball and small hop clovers were less tolerant”
Claim · model-written summary
Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl and nicosulfuron caused varying degrees of injury across clover species and response variables.
- Treatment
- Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfurone1
- Outcome
- injurye1
- Direction
- varying degreese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Clopyralid, 2,4-D, glyphosate, imazaquin, metsulfuron-methyl, and nicosulfuron resulted in varying degrees of injury across clover species and response variables”
Claim · model-written summary
These herbicides may not be viable options for maintaining any of the three clover species tested.
Verbatim
e1“these herbicides may not be viable options when attempting to maintain any of the three clover species tested”