Abstract
Field experiments over 2 years were used to determine the effect of ethephon on: plant growth, weight of berries, proportion of red, green and immature berries, and root weight (economic yield) of 3-year-old north american ginseng plants ( Panax quinquefolius L.). Ethephon sprays applied during bloom that thoroughly wetted the foliage and inflorescences immediately induced crop canopy descent (epinasty) exposing inflorescences and subsequently reducing plant height. Within a week the desired inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drop took place. In each of four experiments ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1 , reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly. However, the responses to ethephon were variable. The highest concentration of 4000 mg·L -1 ethephon caused similar results in both years to the traditional practice of hand removal of inflorescences, but foliar reddening and some defoliation were observed. Buffering ethephon sprays at pH 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 gave similar results. The surfactant Tween 20 did not increase the effectiveness of the sprays. Generally, multiple applications of ethephon at lower concentrations were no more effective than comparable single higher concentration sprays. Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year included crop stunting, an increase in root weight, and berry weights and berry color proportions similar to those plants on which hand removal was carried out in the first year. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (ethephon).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Bloom-time ethephon caused immediate ginseng canopy epinasty.
- Taxon
- Ginseng
Panax ginsengt0 - Treatment
- Ethephon sprays applied during bloome0
- Outcome
- crop canopy descent (epinasty)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon sprays applied during bloom that thoroughly wetted the foliage and inflorescences immediately induced crop canopy descent (epinasty)”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Bloom-time ethephon reduced ginseng plant height.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- Ethephon sprays applied during bloome0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon sprays applied during bloom that thoroughly wetted the foliage and inflorescences immediately induced crop canopy descent (epinasty) exposing inflorescences and subsequently reducing plant height.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon induced inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drop within a week.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- Ethephon sprays applied during bloome1
- Outcome
- inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drope0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Within a week the desired inflorescence and peduncle browning and flower drop took place.”
e1“Ethephon sprays applied during bloom”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced ginseng berry weight over 500–4000 mg/L.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1e0
- Outcome
- berry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1 , reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon reduced the percentage of red ginseng berries over 500–4000 mg/L.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1e0
- Outcome
- percent red berriese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1 , reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon increased the percentage of immature ginseng berries over 500–4000 mg/L.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1e0
- Outcome
- percent immature berriese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethephon, over the range 500 to 4000 mg·L -1 , reduced berry weight and percent red berries, and increased the percent immature berries linearly.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
At 4000 mg/L, ethephon produced effects similar to hand removal of inflorescences.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- 4000 mg·L -1 ethephone0
- Outcome
- resultse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- hand removal of inflorescencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of 4000 mg·L -1 ethephon caused similar results in both years to the traditional practice of hand removal of inflorescences”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
The 4000 mg/L ethephon treatment caused foliar reddening and some defoliation.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- 4000 mg·L -1 ethephone0
- Outcome
- foliar reddening and some defoliatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of 4000 mg·L -1 ethephon caused similar results in both years to the traditional practice of hand removal of inflorescences, but foliar reddening and some defoliation were observed.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Buffering ethephon sprays across pH 2.6–6.0 yielded similar outcomes.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- Buffering ethephon sprays at pH 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0e0
- Outcome
- resultse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Buffering ethephon sprays at pH 2.6, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 gave similar results.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Tween 20 did not improve ethephon spray effectiveness.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- surfactant Tween 20e0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of the sprayse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The surfactant Tween 20 did not increase the effectiveness of the sprays.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated lower-concentration ethephon applications generally did not outperform comparable single higher-concentration applications.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- multiple applications of ethephon at lower concentrationse0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- no moree0
- Comparator
- comparable single higher concentration sprayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“multiple applications of ethephon at lower concentrations were no more effective than comparable single higher concentration sprays.”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon carry-over stunted ginseng in the second year.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- crop stuntinge0
- Qualifier
- second yeare0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year included crop stunting”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon carry-over increased ginseng root weight in the second year.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephone0
- Outcome
- root weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- second yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year included crop stunting, an increase in root weight”
t0“Ginseng”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-year berry weight and color proportions after ethephon resembled those after prior-year hand removal.
- Taxon
- GinsengPanax ginsengt0
- Treatment
- ethephone1
- Outcome
- berry weights and berry color proportionse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- hand removale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“berry weights and berry color proportions similar to those plants on which hand removal was carried out in the first year.”
e1“Carry-over effect of ethephon in the second year”
t0“Ginseng”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · pest · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
application · disease · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
application · growth · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
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2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.