Abstract
Bermudagrass (Cynodon [L.] Rich) is well suited for use as recreational turf in the southeastern United States. Cultivars included in the trial were, 'TifSport', 'Tifway', 'Tifton 10', 'Navy Blue', 'GN-1', 'Patriot', 'Celebration' and 'Quickstand'. During 2003 and 2004, data were collected on a wide range of criteria including, response to mowing height differential, nitrogen fertility rates, root and thatch production, surface hardness, rate of lateral spread, disease incidence, visual turf quality, wear tolerance, drought tolerance, and low temperature stress tolerance. Under mowing heights of 1.25 and 1.90 cm in 2003, TifSport reflected the highest turf quality ratings at both heights of cut and mowing height had little effect on cultivars. Nitrogen fertility rates of 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha-1 had no effect on cultivars at any time during the study. In 2003, TifSport had the greatest root mass, while GN-1 and Navy Blue produced the greatest amount of thatch. Celebration had the least surface hardness during 2004. Rate of lateral spread data was gathered in 2004 by extracting cores from each plot and monitoring regrowth using digital images over a period of four weeks. Celebration achieved the greatest recovery at 86% by the fourth week, followed by TifSport and Quickstand, each with 70% recovery. In May 2004, Spring Dead Spot (Ophiosphaerella korrae) was observed on the field plots. Tifway had a greatest percent disease by area than did all other cultivars. Visual ratings over both years consistently ranked TifSport and Celebration higher due to their deep green color, fine texture, and high density. Traffic simulation had an effect on Quickstand, GN-1, Navy Blue, and Tifton 10. Navy Blue resisted leaf firing until the seventh week of the drought stress study; longer than any other cultivar. Low temperature stress tolerance testing was conducted using two methods, dormant field cores and excised stolons in February of 2003 and 2004. Field cores were potted and placed in a Low Temperature Stress Simulator (LTSS) at a temperature of either -1oC or -7oC for varying exposure lengths of 12, 24, 48, or 72 h, respectively. Patriot and Quickstand exhibited greater recovery rates than all other cultivars in the core study at -7oC. The stolon study was composed of a single 24 h exposure length with temperatures ranging from 3oC to -10oC. Results between the core and stolon studies show correlation (rs = 0.82 and a probability of 0.01) with 'Quickstand' and 'Navy Blue' being more cold tolerant than all other cultivars with the exception of 'Patriot'.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
TifSport had the highest turf quality ratings at both mowing heights in 2003.
- Taxon
- Bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Material
- TifSporte1
- Treatment
- mowing heights of 1.25 and 1.90 cme1
- Outcome
- turf quality ratingse1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Under mowing heights of 1.25 and 1.90 cm in 2003, TifSport reflected the highest turf quality ratings at both heights of cut”
Claim · model-written summary
Mowing height had little effect on the cultivars.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- mowing heighte2
- Outcome
- cultivarse2
- Direction
- little effecte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e2“mowing height had little effect on cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertility rates of 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 had no effect on the cultivars.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha-1e3
- Outcome
- cultivarse3
- Direction
- no effecte3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e3“Nitrogen fertility rates of 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha-1 had no effect on cultivars at any time during the study”
Claim · model-written summary
TifSport had the greatest root mass in 2003.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- TifSporte4
- Outcome
- root masse4
- Direction
- higherinferrede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e4“In 2003, TifSport had the greatest root mass”
Claim · model-written summary
GN-1 and Navy Blue produced the greatest amount of thatch.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- GN-1 and Navy Bluee5
- Outcome
- amount of thatche5
- Direction
- higherinferrede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e5“while GN-1 and Navy Blue produced the greatest amount of thatch”
Claim · model-written summary
Celebration had the least surface hardness during 2004.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Celebratione6
- Outcome
- surface hardnesse6
- Direction
- lowerinferrede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e6“Celebration had the least surface hardness during 2004”
Claim · model-written summary
Celebration achieved the greatest lateral-spread recovery, 86% by the fourth week.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Celebratione7
- Outcome
- recoverye7
- Direction
- higherinferrede7
- Value
- 86%e7
- Qualifier
- by the fourth weeke7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e7“Celebration achieved the greatest recovery at 86% by the fourth week”
Claim · model-written summary
TifSport and Quickstand each reached 70% recovery.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- TifSport and Quickstande1
- Outcome
- recoverye1
- Value
- 70%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“followed by TifSport and Quickstand, each with 70% recovery”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring Dead Spot (Ophiosphaerella korrae) was observed on the field plots in May 2004.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Interactor
- Ophiosphaerella korraeOphiosphaerella korraee1pathogen
- Outcome
- Spring Dead Spote1
- Setting
- field plotse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“In May 2004, Spring Dead Spot (Ophiosphaerella korrae) was observed on the field plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Tifway had a greater percent disease by area than all other cultivars.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Tifwaye1
- Outcome
- percent disease by areae1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Comparator
- all other cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Tifway had a greatest percent disease by area than did all other cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Visual ratings consistently ranked TifSport and Celebration higher, due to deep green colour, fine texture and high density.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- TifSport and Celebratione1
- Outcome
- Visual ratingse1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- due to their deep green color, fine texture, and high densitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Visual ratings over both years consistently ranked TifSport and Celebration higher due to their deep green color, fine texture, and high density”
Claim · model-written summary
Traffic simulation had an effect on Quickstand, GN-1, Navy Blue and Tifton 10.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Quickstand, GN-1, Navy Blue, and Tifton 10e1
- Treatment
- Traffic simulatione1
- Outcome
- effecte1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Traffic simulation had an effect on Quickstand, GN-1, Navy Blue, and Tifton 10”
Claim · model-written summary
Navy Blue resisted leaf firing under drought stress longer than any other cultivar, until the seventh week.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Navy Bluee1
- Treatment
- drought stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf firinge1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Qualifier
- until the seventh weeke1
- Comparator
- any other cultivare1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Navy Blue resisted leaf firing until the seventh week of the drought stress study; longer than any other cultivar”
Claim · model-written summary
Patriot and Quickstand had greater cold-recovery rates than all other cultivars in the core study at -7oC.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- Patriot and Quickstande1
- Treatment
- -7oCe1
- Outcome
- recovery ratese1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- all other cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Patriot and Quickstand exhibited greater recovery rates than all other cultivars in the core study at -7oC”
Claim · model-written summary
Quickstand and Navy Blue were more cold tolerant than all other cultivars except Patriot.
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Material
- 'Quickstand' and 'Navy Blue'e1
- Outcome
- cold tolerante1
- Direction
- higherinferrede1
- Qualifier
- with the exception of 'Patriot'e1
- Comparator
- all other cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“'Quickstand' and 'Navy Blue' being more cold tolerant than all other cultivars with the exception of 'Patriot'”
Claim · model-written summary
Core and stolon cold-tolerance tests were correlated (rs = 0.82, probability 0.01).
- Taxon
- BermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Outcome
- correlatione1
- Value
- rs = 0.82 and a probability of 0.01e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Eight Bermudagrass Cultivars”
e1“Results between the core and stolon studies show correlation (rs = 0.82 and a probability of 0.01)”