Abstract
Modern C4 plants are commonly distributed in hot and dry environments whereas C3 plants predominate in cool and shade areas. At the outmost of plant surface, the deposition and chemical composition of cuticular waxes vary under different environmental conditions. However, whether such variation of cuticular wax is related to the distribution of C3 and C4 under different environmental conditions is still not clear. In this study, leaves of six C3 Gramineae herbs distributed in spring, Roegneria kamoji , Polypogon fugax , Poa annua , Avena fatua , Alopecurus aequalis , and Oplismenus undulatifolius , and four C4 and one C3 Gramineae herbs distributed in summer, Digitaria sanguinalis , Eleusine indica , Setaria viridis , S. plicata , and O. undulatifolius , were sampled and analyzed for cuticular wax. Plates were the main epicuticular wax morphology in both C3 and C4 plants except S . plicata . The plates melted in C4 plants but not in C3 plants. The total cuticular wax amounts in C4 plants were significantly lower than those in C3 plants, except for O . undulatifolius . Primary alcohols were the most abundant compounds in C3 plants, whereas n ‐alkanes were relatively the most abundant compounds in C4 plants. C 29 was the most abundant n ‐alkane in C3 plants except for O . undulatifolius , whereas the most abundant n ‐alkane was C 31 or C 33 in C4 plants. The average chain length (ACL) of n ‐alkanes was higher in C4 than in C3 plants, whereas the ACL of n ‐alkanoic acids was higher in C3 than C4 plants. The cluster analysis based on the distribution of n ‐alkanes clearly distinguished C3 and C4 plants into two groups, except for O . undulatifolius which was grouped with C4 plants. These results suggest that the variations of cuticular waxes among C3 and C4 Gramineae herbs are related to the distribution of C3 and C4 plants under different environmental conditions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Plates predominated in epicuticular wax of both C3 and C4 groups except S. plicata.
Verbatim
e0“Plates were the main epicuticular wax morphology in both C3 and C4 plants except S . plicata”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicuticular wax plates melted in C4 plants.
Verbatim
e0“The plates melted in C4 plants but not in C3 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Epicuticular wax plates did not melt in C3 plants.
Verbatim
e0“The plates melted in C4 plants but not in C3 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Total cuticular wax was significantly lower in C4 than C3 plants, except O. undulatifolius.
Verbatim
e0“The total cuticular wax amounts in C4 plants were significantly lower than those in C3 plants, except for O . undulatifolius”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary alcohols were the most abundant compounds in C3 plants.
Verbatim
e0“Primary alcohols were the most abundant compounds in C3 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
n-Alkanes were relatively most abundant in C4 plants.
Verbatim
e0“n ‐alkanes were relatively the most abundant compounds in C4 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
C29 was the most abundant n-alkane in C3 plants except O. undulatifolius.
Verbatim
e0“C 29 was the most abundant n ‐alkane in C3 plants except for O . undulatifolius”
Claim · model-written summary
C31 or C33 was the most abundant n-alkane in C4 plants.
Verbatim
e0“the most abundant n ‐alkane was C 31 or C 33 in C4 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
n-Alkane average chain length was higher in C4 than C3 plants.
Verbatim
e0“average chain length (ACL) of n ‐alkanes was higher in C4 than in C3 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
n-Alkanoic acid average chain length was higher in C3 than C4 plants.
Verbatim
e0“ACL of n ‐alkanoic acids was higher in C3 than C4 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
n-Alkane clustering separated C3 and C4 plants except O. undulatifolius.
Verbatim
e0“cluster analysis based on the distribution of n ‐alkanes clearly distinguished C3 and C4 plants into two groups, except for O . undulatifolius which was grouped with C4 plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax variation was suggested to relate to C3 and C4 distribution across environments.
- Taxon
- C3 and C4 Gramineae herbse0
- Outcome
- distribution of C3 and C4 plantse0
- Setting
- different environmental conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“variations of cuticular waxes among C3 and C4 Gramineae herbs are related to the distribution of C3 and C4 plants under different environmental conditions”