Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism of gene expression which can be associated with developmental phases and in vitro morphogenetic compe- tence in plants. The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE) and global DNA methylation levels by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). 2,4-D-free treatments revealed no somatic embryo formation in both accessions tested. Treatments supplemented with 2,4-D pulse plus AzaC in the culture medium resulted in increased embryo formation. In AzaC-free treatment, HPLC/MS/MS analysis showed a gradual increase in methylation levels in cultures of both accessions tested during SE induction. Treatment with AzaC and 2,4-D-free resulted in a marked decrease in methylation for both accessions, ranging from 37.6 to 20.8 %. In treatment with 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 85 accession showed increasing global methylation levels. Otherwise, the 101X458 accession, in the same treatment, showed a decrease between 10 and 20 days, followed by an increase after 30 days (39.5, 36.2 and 41.6 %). These results indicate that 2,4-D pulse combined with AzaC improves SE induc- tion. However, the conversion phase showed that although positively influencing SE induction, AzaC had a dysregu- latory effect on the stage of autotrophic plant formation, resulting in significantly lower conversion rates. The results suggest that DNA methylation dramatically influences SE in Acca sellowiana, and global DNA methylation dynamics are related to morphogenetic response. Key message 5-Azacytidine combined with 2,4-D increases the number of Acca sellowiana somatic embryos. Global DNA methylation is directly affected by these compounds.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
In 2,4-D-free treatments no somatic embryos formed in either accession of Acca sellowiana.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowiana
Feijoa sellowianae0 - Treatment
- 2,4-D-freee1
- Outcome
- somatic embryo formatione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“2,4-D-free treatments revealed no somatic embryo formation in both accessions tested”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D pulse plus AzaC increased embryo formation in Acca sellowiana.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D pulse plus AzaCe1
- Outcome
- embryo formatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“Treatments supplemented with 2,4-D pulse plus AzaC in the culture medium resulted in increased embryo formation”
Claim · model-written summary
In AzaC-free treatment, global DNA methylation gradually increased during SE induction in both accessions.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Organ / stage
- during SE inductione1
- Treatment
- AzaC-free treatmente1
- Outcome
- methylation levelse1
- Direction
- increasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“In AzaC-free treatment, HPLC/MS/MS analysis showed a gradual increase in methylation levels in cultures of both accessions tested during SE induction”
Claim · model-written summary
AzaC combined with 2,4-D-free medium markedly decreased methylation in both accessions, ranging from 37.6 to 20.8 %.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Treatment
- AzaC and 2,4-D-freee1
- Outcome
- methylatione1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Value
- 37.6 to 20.8 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“Treatment with AzaC and 2,4-D-free resulted in a marked decrease in methylation for both accessions, ranging from 37.6 to 20.8 %”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 85 accession showed increasing global methylation levels.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Material
- 85 accessione1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D and AzaC combinede1
- Outcome
- global methylation levelse1
- Direction
- increasinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“In treatment with 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 85 accession showed increasing global methylation levels”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 101X458 accession showed a decrease in methylation between 10 and 20 days.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Material
- 101X458 accessione1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D and AzaC combinede1
- Outcome
- global methylation levelse1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- between 10 and 20 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“In treatment with 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 85 accession showed increasing global methylation levels. Otherwise, the 101X458 accession, in the same treatment, showed a decrease between 10 and 20 days, followed by an increase after 30 days (39.5, 36.2 and 41.6 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
With 2,4-D and AzaC combined, methylation in the 101X458 accession increased after 30 days, to 39.5, 36.2 and 41.6 %.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Material
- 101X458 accessione1
- Treatment
- 2,4-D and AzaC combinede1
- Outcome
- global methylation levelse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 39.5, 36.2 and 41.6 %e1
- Qualifier
- after 30 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“In treatment with 2,4-D and AzaC combined, the 85 accession showed increasing global methylation levels. Otherwise, the 101X458 accession, in the same treatment, showed a decrease between 10 and 20 days, followed by an increase after 30 days (39.5, 36.2 and 41.6 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
AzaC significantly lowered conversion rates, with a dysregulatory effect on autotrophic plant formation.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Organ / stage
- autotrophic plant formatione1
- Treatment
- AzaCe2
- Outcome
- conversion ratese1
- Direction
- lowere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“on the stage of autotrophic plant formation, resulting in significantly lower conversion rates”
e2“although positively influencing SE induction, AzaC”
Claim · model-written summary
AzaC positively influenced SE induction in Acca sellowiana.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Treatment
- AzaCe2
- Outcome
- SE inductione2
- Direction
- positively influencinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e2“although positively influencing SE induction, AzaC”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that DNA methylation dramatically influences somatic embryogenesis in Acca sellowiana.
- Taxon
- Acca sellowianaFeijoa sellowianae0
- Treatment
- DNA methylatione1
- Outcome
- somatic embryogenesise0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The present work evaluated the effects of 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on Acca sellowiana somatic embryogenesis (SE)”
e1“The results suggest that DNA methylation dramatically influences SE in Acca sellowiana”