Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a noxious annual weed rapidly spreading in cropped areas of the irrigated Punjab and other parts of Pakistan. It has become a major threat to grazing lands and crops in Punjab province. The main objective of this study was to explore the efficacy of different herbicides with various concentrations viz. pendimethalin, S-metolachlor + atrazine, bromoxynil + 2-methyl-4-chloorphenoxyacetic acid, and atrazine at their recommended (407, 711, 445 and 469 g a.i./ha, respectively), 50% lower and 50% higher doses against Parthenium hysterophorus L. Weeds were allowed to grow in a field for three years (2010-2013) where this spring maize experiment was conducted during the years 2013 and 2014. All herbicide treatments at their recommended and higher doses significantly reduced Parthenium dry weight. Minimum density (2.3 and 2.0/m) and dry biomass (39.74 and 43.47 g/m) of parthenium weed was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha treatment during 2013 and 2014, respectively. A herbicide efficiency index of 88% was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g a.i./ ha in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Among the herbicides, atrazine, bromoxynil and metolachlor gave significantly the lowest dry weight of Parthenium. Maximum 1000-grain weight (259 and 260.67 g), grain yield (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha), stalk yield (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha) and biological yield (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha) were recorded during both years of experiments when S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha was applied. These results suggested that over- and underdose of S-metolachlor + atrazine significantly lower the maize growth and yield attributes by allowing more Parthenium density at a lower dose, while causing a toxic effect on the maize plants at a higher dose of herbicides. So, the application of S-metolachlor + atrazine (post-emergence) at the recommended rate minimised the weed-crop competition at all the critical crop growth stages, and ultimately yielded the better crop harvest during both years of study.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments at their recommended and higher doses significantly reduced Parthenium dry weight in maize.
- Treatment
- herbicide treatments at their recommended and higher dosese1
- Interactor
- Parthenium
Partheniume1weed - Outcome
- Parthenium dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All herbicide treatments at their recommended and higher doses significantly reduced Parthenium dry weight”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium weed density was lowest (2.3 and 2.0/m in 2013 and 2014) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- densitye1
- Direction
- Minimume1
- Value
- 2.3 and 2.0/me1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Minimum density (2.3 and 2.0/m) and dry biomass (39.74 and 43.47 g/m) of parthenium weed was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha treatment during 2013 and 2014, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Parthenium dry biomass was lowest (39.74 and 43.47 g/m in 2013 and 2014) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Interactor
- parthenium weede1weed
- Outcome
- dry biomasse1
- Direction
- Minimume1
- Value
- 39.74 and 43.47 g/me1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Minimum density (2.3 and 2.0/m) and dry biomass (39.74 and 43.47 g/m) of parthenium weed was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha treatment during 2013 and 2014, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
A herbicide efficiency index of 88% was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g a.i./ha in both years.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g a.i./ hae1
- Outcome
- herbicide efficiency indexe1
- Value
- 88%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A herbicide efficiency index of 88% was observed with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g a.i./ ha in 2013 and 2014, respectively”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Among the herbicides, atrazine, bromoxynil and metolachlor gave significantly the lowest Parthenium dry weight.
- Treatment
- atrazine, bromoxynil and metolachlore1
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume1weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of Partheniume1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Among the herbicides, atrazine, bromoxynil and metolachlor gave significantly the lowest dry weight of Parthenium”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize 1000-grain weight was maximal (259 and 260.67 g in the two years) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 259 and 260.67 ge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maximum 1000-grain weight (259 and 260.67 g), grain yield (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha), stalk yield (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha) and biological yield (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha) were recorded during both years of experiments when S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha was applied”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize grain yield was maximal (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha in the two years) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 4.86 and 4.87 t/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maximum 1000-grain weight (259 and 260.67 g), grain yield (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha), stalk yield (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha) and biological yield (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha) were recorded during both years of experiments when S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha was applied”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize stalk yield was maximal (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha in the two years) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Outcome
- stalk yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 5.60 and 5.42 t/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maximum 1000-grain weight (259 and 260.67 g), grain yield (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha), stalk yield (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha) and biological yield (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha) were recorded during both years of experiments when S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha was applied”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize biological yield was maximal (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha in the two years) with S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/hae1
- Outcome
- biological yielde1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 14.80 and 13.80 t/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maximum 1000-grain weight (259 and 260.67 g), grain yield (4.86 and 4.87 t/ha), stalk yield (5.60 and 5.42 t/ha) and biological yield (14.80 and 13.80 t/ha) were recorded during both years of experiments when S-metolachlor + atrazine at 711.36 g/ha was applied”
t0“spring maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that an underdose of S-metolachlor + atrazine significantly lowered maize growth and yield attributes by allowing more Parthenium density.
- Treatment
- underdose of S-metolachlor + atrazinee1
- Interactor
- PartheniumPartheniume1weed
- Outcome
- maize growth and yield attributese1
- Qualifier
- allowing more Parthenium density at a lower dosee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“over- and underdose of S-metolachlor + atrazine significantly lower the maize growth and yield attributes by allowing more Parthenium density at a lower dose”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that a higher dose of the herbicides caused a toxic effect on the maize plants.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while causing a toxic effect on the maize plants at a higher dose of herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence S-metolachlor + atrazine at the recommended rate is recommended: it minimised weed-crop competition at all critical crop growth stages and gave better crop harvest in both years.
- Treatment
- S-metolachlor + atrazine (post-emergence) at the recommended ratee1
- Outcome
- minimised the weed-crop competitione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the application of S-metolachlor + atrazine (post-emergence) at the recommended rate minimised the weed-crop competition at all the critical crop growth stages, and ultimately yielded the better crop harvest during both years of study”
t0“spring maize”
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