Abstract
Abstract Starch gel electrophoresis was used to study polymorphism of hordeins encoded by the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in 34 local varieties of cultivated barley and 19 accessions of wild barley from Jordan. Thirty-two and 26 alleles for the Hrd A locus were identified in H. vulgare and H. spontaneum, respectively, and 42 and 32 alleles were detected for the Hrd B locus. Allelic frequencies of the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in cultivated barley varied within the range of 0.0029–0.2707 and 0.0029–0.1824, respectively, and within the range of 0.0105–0.1263 and 0.0105–0.0947 in wild barley. Six out of 52 alleles of Hrd A and four out of 70 alleles of Hrd В were common between Jordanian H. spontaneum and H. vulgare. Two of six common alleles of the Hrd A locus found in Jordanian wild and cultivated barley and one common allele of the Hrd В locus were discovered earlier among H. spontaneum accessions from Iran, Turkey, and Syria. However, three common alleles of Hrd A and three common alleles of Hrd В were detected only in Jordanian accessions of wild and cultivated barley. According to archaeological records, the earliest indications of barley utilization in Jordan appeared only in 6700 BC, whereas they were dated in Syria to 9000 BC and in Israel to 17 000 BC. We concluded that Jordan cannot be considered as domestication center of barley. At the same time, Jordanian H. spontaneum could have contributed some alleles of hordein-coding loci to the gene pool of H. vulgare owing to introgression resulting from spontaneous hybridization over the course of crop diffusion from the domestication center outward.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated barley had 32 Hrd A alleles.
- Taxon
- H. vulgare
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Gene
- Hrd Ae0
- Outcome
- allelese0
- Value
- Thirty-twoe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Thirty-two and 26 alleles for the Hrd A locus were identified in H. vulgare and H. spontaneum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild barley had 26 Hrd A alleles.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneumHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Ae0
- Outcome
- allelese0
- Value
- 26 allelese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thirty-two and 26 alleles for the Hrd A locus were identified in H. vulgare and H. spontaneum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated barley had 42 Hrd B alleles.
- Taxon
- H. vulgareHordeum vulgaree1
- Gene
- Hrd Be0
- Outcome
- allelese0
- Value
- 42e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“42 and 32 alleles were detected for the Hrd B locus”
e1“H. vulgare and H. spontaneum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild barley had 32 Hrd B alleles.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneumHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume1
- Gene
- Hrd Be0
- Outcome
- allelese0
- Value
- 32 allelese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“42 and 32 alleles were detected for the Hrd B locus”
e1“H. vulgare and H. spontaneum, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated barley Hrd A allele frequencies ranged from 0.0029 to 0.2707.
- Taxon
- cultivated barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Gene
- Hrd Ae0
- Outcome
- Allelic frequenciese0
- Value
- 0.0029–0.2707e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allelic frequencies of the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in cultivated barley varied within the range of 0.0029–0.2707 and 0.0029–0.1824, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated barley Hrd B allele frequencies ranged from 0.0029 to 0.1824.
- Taxon
- cultivated barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Gene
- Hrd Be0
- Outcome
- Allelic frequenciese0
- Value
- 0.0029–0.1824e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Allelic frequencies of the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in cultivated barley varied within the range of 0.0029–0.2707 and 0.0029–0.1824, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild barley Hrd A allele frequencies ranged from 0.0105 to 0.1263.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Ae1
- Outcome
- rangee0
- Value
- 0.0105–0.1263e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the range of 0.0105–0.1263 and 0.0105–0.0947 in wild barley”
e1“Allelic frequencies of the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in cultivated barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild barley Hrd B allele frequencies ranged from 0.0105 to 0.0947.
- Taxon
- wild barleyHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Be1
- Outcome
- rangee0
- Value
- 0.0105–0.0947e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within the range of 0.0105–0.1263 and 0.0105–0.0947 in wild barley”
e1“Allelic frequencies of the Hrd A and Hrd B loci in cultivated barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Six of 52 Hrd A alleles were shared by wild and cultivated barley in Jordan.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneum and H. vulgareHordeum vulgareHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Ae0
- Outcome
- alleles of Hrd Ae0
- Value
- Six out of 52e0
- Setting
- Jordaniane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six out of 52 alleles of Hrd A and four out of 70 alleles of Hrd В were common between Jordanian H. spontaneum and H. vulgare.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four of 70 Hrd B alleles were shared by wild and cultivated barley in Jordan.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneum and H. vulgareHordeum vulgareHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Вe0
- Outcome
- alleles of Hrd Вe0
- Value
- four out of 70e0
- Setting
- Jordaniane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six out of 52 alleles of Hrd A and four out of 70 alleles of Hrd В were common between Jordanian H. spontaneum and H. vulgare.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two shared Hrd A alleles had been found previously in wild barley from Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneumHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Ae0
- Outcome
- common allelese0
- Value
- Two of sixe0
- Setting
- Iran, Turkey, and Syriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of six common alleles of the Hrd A locus found in Jordanian wild and cultivated barley and one common allele of the Hrd В locus were discovered earlier among H. spontaneum accessions from Iran, Turkey, and Syria.”
Claim · model-written summary
One shared Hrd B allele had been found previously in wild barley from Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneumHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- Hrd Вe0
- Outcome
- common allelee0
- Value
- one common allelee0
- Setting
- Iran, Turkey, and Syriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two of six common alleles of the Hrd A locus found in Jordanian wild and cultivated barley and one common allele of the Hrd В locus were discovered earlier among H. spontaneum accessions from Iran, Turkey, and Syria.”
Claim · model-written summary
Three shared Hrd A alleles were detected only in Jordanian wild and cultivated accessions.
Verbatim
e0“three common alleles of Hrd A and three common alleles of Hrd В were detected only in Jordanian accessions of wild and cultivated barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Three shared Hrd B alleles were detected only in Jordanian wild and cultivated accessions.
Verbatim
e0“three common alleles of Hrd A and three common alleles of Hrd В were detected only in Jordanian accessions of wild and cultivated barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded Jordan was not a barley domestication center.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- domestication centere0
- Direction
- cannot be considerede0
- Setting
- Jordane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We concluded that Jordan cannot be considered as domestication center of barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Jordanian wild barley may have contributed hordein alleles to cultivated barley through introgression.
- Taxon
- H. spontaneumHordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneume0
- Gene
- hordein-coding locie0
- Outcome
- gene pool of H. vulgaree0
- Qualifier
- introgression resulting from spontaneous hybridizatione0
- Setting
- Jordaniane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Jordanian H. spontaneum could have contributed some alleles of hordein-coding loci to the gene pool of H. vulgare owing to introgression resulting from spontaneous hybridization over the course of crop diffusion from the domestication center outward.”