Abstract
:The effectiveness of recovery of mountain birch forests defoliated by Epirrita autumnata in 1965 in Inari Lapland, northern Finland, was studied by monitoring seedling and basal sprout formation in eight fenced areas and corresponding control plots, 400 m2 each. The number of seedlings and the abundance of basal sprouts were measured in 1973, 1979, 1982, 1987 and 1990/1991. The results indicate that tree recovery from seeds is in theory possible in the damaged birch forests almost everywhere in the study area, and that the changes occurring in the undergrowth after the damage may actually support the development of seedlings. However, in practice this process is disturbed by the adverse effect of reindeer grazing on seedling establisment. The formation of sprouts from dormant basal buds in damaged trees is not so greatly affected by reindeer grazing, but sprouting has been successful and the forest will totally recover only in a few areas where sprouting was abundant soon after the Epirrita damage. Sprout formation is disturbed by rot, which spreads from the dead mother tree into the sprouts, and recovery has been rather limited in most of the damaged areas. Tree density can be expected to decrease greatly in most of these areas.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-based recovery of damaged birch forests was considered possible almost everywhere in the study area.
Verbatim
e0“tree recovery from seeds is in theory possible in the damaged birch forests almost everywhere in the study area”
Claim · model-written summary
Undergrowth changes after damage may support birch seedling development.
- Taxon
- mountain birch
Betula pubescens var. pumilat0 - Outcome
- development of seedlingse0
- Qualifier
- changes occurring in the undergrowth after the damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the changes occurring in the undergrowth after the damage may actually support the development of seedlings”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Reindeer grazing adversely affected birch seedling establishment.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Interactor
- reindeer
Rangifer taranduse0herbivore - Outcome
- seedling establismente0
- Direction
- adversee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the adverse effect of reindeer grazing on seedling establisment”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Reindeer grazing affected basal sprout formation less strongly than seedling establishment.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Interactor
- reindeerRangifer taranduse0herbivore
- Outcome
- formation of sprouts from dormant basal budse0
- Direction
- not so greatly affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The formation of sprouts from dormant basal buds in damaged trees is not so greatly affected by reindeer grazing”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Successful sprouting and total forest recovery were confined to a few areas with abundant early sprouting.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Outcome
- sprouting has been successfule0
- Qualifier
- only in a few areas where sprouting was abundant soon after the Epirrita damagee0
EpirritaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sprouting has been successful and the forest will totally recover only in a few areas where sprouting was abundant soon after the Epirrita damage”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Rot spreading from dead mother trees disturbed birch sprout formation.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Outcome
- Sprout formatione0
- Qualifier
- rot, which spreads from the dead mother tree into the sproutse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprout formation is disturbed by rot, which spreads from the dead mother tree into the sprouts”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery was limited in most damaged birch areas.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Outcome
- recoverye0
- Direction
- rather limitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“recovery has been rather limited in most of the damaged areas”
t0“mountain birch”
Claim · model-written summary
Birch tree density was expected to decrease greatly in most damaged areas.
- Taxon
- mountain birchBetula pubescens var. pumilat0
- Outcome
- Tree densitye0
- Direction
- decrease greatlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tree density can be expected to decrease greatly in most of these areas”
t0“mountain birch”