Abstract
Traits that control time of flowering and maturity in soybean determine harvesting time of a soybean cultivar. In Indonesia, early maturing soybean cultivars are important at short period growing seasons due to the water shortage in dry planting season. Shorter period of growing season would increase the crop harvest index. Genetic diversity of the present soybean germplasm collection is low. Diversity improvement through introduction from countries with four seasons faced difficulty due to differences in growth adaptability. Technology for developing germplasm with a broader adaptation will facilitate germplasm movement from a more diverse environmental growth. The objective of this review was to describe how the time of flowering and maturity are controlled in soybean. The review is supported by flowering time mechanism of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as the genetics of flowering time has been intensively studied in this model plant. Transition from vegetative to reproductive development is the outcome of the activation of genes responsible for floral organ formation. Initial activation is generally the result of environmental cues indicating the appropriate time to flower. Studies from Arabidopsis showed that transition from vegetative to reproductive stage is complex involving many genes and several genetic pathways. In soybean, time of flowering and maturity are controlled by at least nine genes, E1 to E8 and Dt1. The genes interact with daylength and temperature. Major and minor QTLs controlling the traits were identified using various mapping populations. The major QTLs were detected at various populations with diverse genetic backgrounds tested at diverse environmenttal conditions. Some of the QTLs were associated with the E genes and some others were not. Several Arabidopsis flowering gene homologous sequences were also mapped on the soybean genome. The E gene markers and the QTLs with large effect for reproductive traits are breeder targets for breeding and development of soybean photoperiod insensitive germplasm. Genes for flowering time isolated from Arabidopsis can be used to develop transgenic soybean with broader adaptation. Technology for development of soybean germplasm with broader adaptation will facilitate the soybean germplasm movement from diverse environmental growth conditions to support systematic and sustainable national soybean breeding programs.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
At least nine genes control soybean flowering and maturity.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Gene
- E1 to E8 and Dt1e0
- Outcome
- time of flowering and maturitye0
- Value
- at least nine genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, time of flowering and maturity are controlled by at least nine genes, E1 to E8 and Dt1.”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean flowering and maturity genes interact with daylength and temperature.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- E1 to E8 and Dt1e0
- Outcome
- interact with daylength and temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybean, time of flowering and maturity are controlled by at least nine genes, E1 to E8 and Dt1. The genes interact with daylength and temperature.”
Claim · model-written summary
Major and minor QTLs for soybean flowering and maturity were identified in mapping populations.
Verbatim
e0“Major and minor QTLs controlling the traits were identified using various mapping populations.”
t0“Kedelai”
Claim · model-written summary
Some soybean flowering and maturity QTLs were associated with E genes and others were not.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Some of the QTLs were associated with the E genes and some others were not.”
t0“Kedelai”
Claim · model-written summary
Several Arabidopsis flowering gene homologous sequences were mapped on the soybean genome.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- Arabidopsis flowering gene homologous sequencese0
- Outcome
- mapped on the soybean genomee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several Arabidopsis flowering gene homologous sequences were also mapped on the soybean genome.”
Claim · model-written summary
E gene markers and large-effect QTLs are proposed breeding targets for photoperiod-insensitive soybean germplasm.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- E gene markerse0
- Outcome
- breeding and development of soybean photoperiod insensitive germplasme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The E gene markers and the QTLs with large effect for reproductive traits are breeder targets for breeding and development of soybean photoperiod insensitive germplasm.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arabidopsis flowering time genes could be used to develop broadly adapted transgenic soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Gene
- Genes for flowering timee0
- Outcome
- develop transgenic soybean with broader adaptatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genes for flowering time isolated from Arabidopsis can be used to develop transgenic soybean with broader adaptation.”