Abstract
Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage on berry development and on the accumulation patterns of sugar, anthocyanins, malate, tartrate and potassium in the fruit. Shading the foliage led to both a delay and a decrease in berry growth. Leaf shading also affected the timing and the magnitude of sugar accumulation. Total sugar per berry was reduced more by shading than was sugar concentration because of the simultaneous effect of shading on fruit size. The rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation, the maximum malate content at veraison, and the rate of post-veraison malate loss in the berries were all highest in the fully sun-exposed vines and were progressively lower with increasing foliage shade. Tartaric acid was significantly lower in fruit from heavily shaded vines than in fruit from the more exposed treatments. Leaf shading was also significantly correlated with an increase in potassium concentration in the fruit. At harvest, juice pH was more dosely correlated with the concentrations of tartaric acid and potassium in the berries than with malate content. Grapes from heavily shaded vines had the highest pH. Anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit was affected more by duster shading than by leaf shading. Shaded fruit had significantly less anthocyanin than sun exposed fruit. These results indicate that in addition to a general delay in ripening there were also specific effects of shading on individual components of berry composition, and that the specific effects were different for leaf and duster shading.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shading the foliage decreased berry growth.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferae0 - Treatment
- Shading the foliagee1
- Outcome
- berry growthe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e1“Shading the foliage led to both a delay and a decrease in berry growth. Leaf shading also affected the timing and the magnitude of sugar accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading the foliage delayed berry growth.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Shading the foliagee1
- Outcome
- berry growthe1
- Direction
- delaye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e1“Shading the foliage led to both a delay and a decrease in berry growth. Leaf shading also affected the timing and the magnitude of sugar accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf shading affected the timing and magnitude of sugar accumulation in berries.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Leaf shadinge1
- Outcome
- timing and the magnitude of sugar accumulatione1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e1“Shading the foliage led to both a delay and a decrease in berry growth. Leaf shading also affected the timing and the magnitude of sugar accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading reduced total sugar per berry more than it reduced sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- shadinge2
- Outcome
- Total sugar per berrye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Comparator
- sugar concentratione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e2“Total sugar per berry was reduced more by shading than was sugar concentration because of the simultaneous effect of shading on fruit size”
Claim · model-written summary
Rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation was lower with increasing foliage shade than in fully sun-exposed vines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- foliage shadee3
- Outcome
- rate of pre-veraison malate accumulatione3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- fully sun-exposed vinese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e3“The rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation, the maximum malate content at veraison, and the rate of post-veraison malate loss in the berries were all highest in the fully sun-exposed vines and were progressively lower with increasing foliage shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum malate content at veraison was lower with increasing foliage shade than in fully sun-exposed vines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- foliage shadee3
- Outcome
- the maximum malate content at veraisone3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Comparator
- fully sun-exposed vinese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e3“The rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation, the maximum malate content at veraison, and the rate of post-veraison malate loss in the berries were all highest in the fully sun-exposed vines and were progressively lower with increasing foliage shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Rate of post-veraison malate loss was highest in fully sun-exposed vines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- foliage shadee3
- Outcome
- the rate of post-veraison malate losse3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Comparator
- fully sun-exposed vinese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e3“The rate of pre-veraison malate accumulation, the maximum malate content at veraison, and the rate of post-veraison malate loss in the berries were all highest in the fully sun-exposed vines and were progressively lower with increasing foliage shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Tartaric acid was significantly lower in fruit of heavily shaded vines than in more exposed treatments.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- heavily shaded vinese4
- Outcome
- Tartaric acide4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- more exposed treatmentse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e4“Tartaric acid was significantly lower in fruit from heavily shaded vines than in fruit from the more exposed treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf shading was significantly associated with increased potassium concentration in the fruit.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Leaf shadinge5
- Outcome
- potassium concentratione5
- Direction
- increasee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e5“Leaf shading was also significantly correlated with an increase in potassium concentration in the fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Juice pH was more closely correlated with tartaric acid and potassium concentrations than with malate content.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Compound
- tartaric acid and potassiume6
- Outcome
- juice pHe6
- Comparator
- malate contente6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e6“At harvest, juice pH was more dosely correlated with the concentrations of tartaric acid and potassium in the berries than with malate content. Grapes from heavily shaded vines had the highest pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Grapes from heavily shaded vines had the highest pH.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- heavily shaded vinese6
- Outcome
- pHe6
- Direction
- higheste6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e6“At harvest, juice pH was more dosely correlated with the concentrations of tartaric acid and potassium in the berries than with malate content. Grapes from heavily shaded vines had the highest pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthocyanin accumulation was affected more by cluster shading than by leaf shading.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- duster shadinge7
- Outcome
- Anthocyanin accumulation in the fruite7
- Comparator
- leaf shadinge7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e7“Anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit was affected more by duster shading than by leaf shading. Shaded fruit had significantly less anthocyanin than sun exposed fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Shaded fruit had significantly less anthocyanin than sun-exposed fruit.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferae0
- Treatment
- Shaded fruite7
- Outcome
- anthocyanine7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Comparator
- sun exposed fruite7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grape vines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) were selectively shaded with polypropylene doth to separate the effects of shading fruit from the effects of shading foliage”
e7“Anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit was affected more by duster shading than by leaf shading. Shaded fruit had significantly less anthocyanin than sun exposed fruit”