Abstract
Introduction: Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an annual crop that belongs to the Solanaceae family. It contains abundant starch and ranks as the world’s fourth most important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice. It is one of most important crops in Iran. The total area under potato cultivation was 186 thousand hectares during 2011 and 2012. Weeds are one of the greatest limiting factors to efficient crop production. Application of herbicides is the key method of weed control in potato fields, both in the world and Iran. Herbicides that commonly are used for weed control in potato fields of Iran are metribuzin, paraquat, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin and sulfosulfuron. Materials and Methods: In order to study the effect of herbicides to control weeds of potato fields, field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Center of Jiroft and Karaj. Plots were located on a sandy loam soil with a pH of 7.4 in Jiroft, and loamy soil with a pH of 7.7 in Karaj. The experiments were conducted during 2009-2010. Potato variety used in Jiroft was Santeh and Satina in Karaj. The experimental design was the randomized complete blocks design (RCBD), with four replications. Weed control treatments included paraquat (20% SL) at 3 lit/ha as early post- emergence, metribuzin (70% WP) at 750 gr/ha as preemergence, pendimethalin (33% EC) at 3 lit/ ha as preemergence, rimsulfuron (25% DF) at 60 gr/ha applied with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water early post emergence, sulfosulfuron (75% DF) at 35 gr/ha (postemergence), metribuzin at 750 gr/h + rimsulfuron at 60 gr/ha with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water, , metribuzin at 750 gr/ha+ pendimethalin at 3 lit/ ha, metribuzin at 750 gr/ha+ sulfosulfuron at 35 gr/ha, paraquat at 3 lit/ha + rimsulfuron at 60 gr/ha with adjuvant cytogate at 2.5% volume of water, paraquat at 3 lit/ha + pendimethalin at 3 lit/ha, paraquat at 3 lit/ha + sulfosulfuron at 35 gr/ha and hand weeding. Each plot was 4 m wide and 8 m long with 4 rows and 75 cm distance among rows. Density and dry weight of weeds and potato yield were recorded. Results and Discussion: Results indicated that 6 broadleaf weeds were dominant in the fields included prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides), bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), malva (Malva neglecta) in Jiroft, and red rooted pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), datura (Datura stramonium), bladder hibiscus (Hibiscus trionum) in Karaj. Visual observation confirmed that the most weeds were effectively controlled using herbicide treatments. The statistical analysis of the data revealed that the herbicides applied for weed control in potato have significantly decreased weed density and dry weight. The lowest weed density and dry weightof prostrate pigweed were observed in plots treated with paraquat + rimsulfuron. This treatment reduced density and dry weight of prostrate pigweed by 70% and 69% in Jiroft. However, Red rooted pigweed was controlled better than prostrate pigweed in Karaj. All treatments of mixed herbicides reduced density and dry weight of red rooted pigweed by 100% in Karaj. Maximum control of bindweed was obtained with metribuzin + rimsulfuron. This treatment reduced density and dry weight of bindweed by 35 % in Jiroft. The highest control of malva was achieved with metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft. This treatment reduced density and biomass of malva by 61 and 56%, respectively. The best control of datura was obtained with paraquat plus rimsulfuron in Karaj. This treatment reduced datura biomass by 98%. Maximum control of bladder hibiscus was obtained with paraquat plus rimsulfuronin which dry weight was reduced by 98%. The highest potato yield (48 ton/ha) was obtained by application of metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft. Potato yield was also increased with this treatment by 40%. The least potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained with pendimethalin in Jiroft. The maximum potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained by application of paraquat plus rimsulfuron and paraquat plus pendimethalin in Karaj, and minimum potato yields were obtained by application of sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin. Conclusion: Results of both years and locations showed that application of herbicide mixture improved weed control and potato yields. Pendimethalin and rimsulfuron are suitable alternatives for herbicide rotations in potato fields and can replace metribuzin and paraquat.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Three broadleaf weeds dominated Jiroft potato fields.
- Taxon
- Potato
Solanum tuberosumt0 - Interactor
- Amaranthus blitoides
Amaranthus blitoidese0weed - Second interactor
- Convolvulus arvensis
.jpg?width=60)
Convolvulus arvensise0weed - Outcome
- prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides), bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), malva (Malva neglecta)e0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides), bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), malva (Malva neglecta) in Jiroft”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Three other broadleaf weeds dominated Karaj potato fields.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Interactor
- Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthus retroflexuse0weed - Second interactor
- Datura stramonium
.jpg?width=60)
Datura stramoniume0weed - Outcome
- red rooted pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), datura (Datura stramonium), bladder hibiscus (Hibiscus trionum)e0
- Setting
- Karaje0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“red rooted pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), datura (Datura stramonium), bladder hibiscus (Hibiscus trionum) in Karaj”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments effectively controlled most weeds.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- weedse0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the most weeds were effectively controlled using herbicide treatments”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides significantly reduced weed density and dry weight in potato.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- weed density and dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the herbicides applied for weed control in potato have significantly decreased weed density and dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron gave the lowest prostrate pigweed density and dry weight.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- paraquat + rimsulfurone0
- Interactor
- prostrate pigweedAmaranthus blitoidese0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry weightof prostrate pigweede0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest weed density and dry weightof prostrate pigweed were observed in plots treated with paraquat + rimsulfuron.”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron reduced prostrate pigweed density by 70% in Jiroft.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- paraquat + rimsulfurone1
- Interactor
- prostrate pigweedAmaranthus blitoidese0weed
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of prostrate pigweede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced density and dry weight of prostrate pigweed by 70% and 69% in Jiroft.”
t0“Potato”
e1“paraquat + rimsulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron reduced prostrate pigweed dry weight by 69% in Jiroft.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- paraquat + rimsulfurone1
- Interactor
- prostrate pigweedAmaranthus blitoidese0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of prostrate pigweede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 69%e0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced density and dry weight of prostrate pigweed by 70% and 69% in Jiroft.”
t0“Potato”
e1“paraquat + rimsulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
All mixed herbicides reduced red rooted pigweed density and dry weight by 100% in Karaj.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- mixed herbicidese0
- Interactor
- red rooted pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of red rooted pigweede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- Karaje0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments of mixed herbicides reduced density and dry weight of red rooted pigweed by 100% in Karaj.”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron provided maximum bindweed control.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin + rimsulfurone0
- Interactor
- bindweede0weed
- Outcome
- control of bindweede0
- Direction
- Maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum control of bindweed was obtained with metribuzin + rimsulfuron.”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron reduced bindweed density and dry weight by 35% in Jiroft.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin + rimsulfurone1
- Interactor
- bindweede0weed
- Outcome
- density and dry weight of bindweede0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35 %e0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced density and dry weight of bindweed by 35 % in Jiroft.”
t0“Potato”
e1“metribuzin + rimsulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron reduced malva density by 61% in Jiroft.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin plus rimsulfurone1
- Outcome
- density and biomass of malvae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61e0
_Malva_parviflora_-_Habitus.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
MalvaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Malva_parviflora_-_Habitus.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced density and biomass of malva by 61 and 56%, respectively.”
t0“Potato”
e1“The highest control of malva was achieved with metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron reduced malva biomass by 56% in Jiroft.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- metribuzin plus rimsulfurone1
- Outcome
- biomass of malvae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced density and biomass of malva by 61 and 56%, respectively.”
t0“Potato”
e1“The highest control of malva was achieved with metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron reduced datura biomass by 98% in Karaj.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- paraquat plus rimsulfurone1
- Outcome
- datura biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
DaturaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment reduced datura biomass by 98%.”
t0“Potato”
e1“paraquat plus rimsulfuron in Karaj”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron reduced bladder hibiscus dry weight by 98%.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosumt0
- Treatment
- paraquat plus rimsulfurone0
- Interactor
- bladder hibiscuse0weed
- Outcome
- bladder hibiscuse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 98%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximum control of bladder hibiscus was obtained with paraquat plus rimsulfuronin which dry weight was reduced by 98%.”
t0“Potato”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron produced the highest Jiroft potato yield, 48 ton/ha.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- metribuzin plus rimsulfurone0
- Outcome
- potato yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 48 ton/hae0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest potato yield (48 ton/ha) was obtained by application of metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metribuzin plus rimsulfuron increased Jiroft potato yield by 40%.
- Taxon
- PotatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- metribuzin plus rimsulfurone1
- Outcome
- Potato yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Potato yield was also increased with this treatment by 40%.”
e1“The highest potato yield (48 ton/ha) was obtained by application of metribuzin plus rimsulfuron in Jiroft.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin gave the lowest Jiroft potato yield, 32 ton/ha.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- potato yielde0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Value
- 32 ton/hae0
- Setting
- Jirofte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The least potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained with pendimethalin in Jiroft.”
Claim · model-written summary
Paraquat plus rimsulfuron and paraquat plus pendimethalin achieved maximum Karaj potato yield of 32 ton/ha.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- paraquat plus rimsulfurone0
- Outcome
- potato yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 32 ton/hae0
- Setting
- Karaje0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum potato yield (32 ton/ha) was obtained by application of paraquat plus rimsulfuron and paraquat plus pendimethalin in Karaj”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin produced minimum potato yields in Karaj.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- sulfosulfurone0
- Outcome
- potato yieldse0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum potato yields were obtained by application of sulfosulfuron and pendimethalin”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend pendimethalin and rimsulfuron as rotation alternatives to metribuzin and paraquat.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Outcome
- suitable alternatives for herbicide rotationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin and rimsulfuron are suitable alternatives for herbicide rotations in potato fields and can replace metribuzin and paraquat.”
The same questions in other papers
metribuzin · yield · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
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See all 10 papers →paraquat · yield · Solanum tuberosum (potato)Results agree
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See all 11 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.