Abstract
Despite increasing knowledge of the involvement of allelopathy in negative interactions among plants, relatively little is known about its action at the root level. This study aims to enhance understanding of interactions of roots between a crop and associated weeds via allelopathy. Based on a series of experiments with window rhizoboxes and root segregation methods, we examined root placement patterns and root interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eclipta prostrata, Leptochloa chinensis and Oryza sativa (weedy rice). Allelopathic rice inhibited growth of paddy weed roots more than shoots regardless of species. Furthermore, allelopathic rice significantly reduced total root length, total root area, maximum root width and maximum root depth of paddy weeds, while the weeds adjusted horizontal and vertical placement of their roots in response to the presence of allelopathic rice. With the exception of O. sativa (weedy rice), root growth of weeds avoided expanding towards allelopathic rice. Compared with root contact, root segregation significantly increased inhibition of E. crus-galli, E. prostrata and L. chinensis through an increase in rice allelochemicals. In particular, their root exudates induced production of rice allelochemicals. However, similar results were not observed in C. difformis and O. sativa (weedy rice) with either root segregation or root exudate application. The results demonstrate that allelopathic rice interferes with paddy weeds by altering root placement patterns and root interactions. This is the first case of a root behavioural strategy in crop-weed allelopathic interaction.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Allelopathic rice inhibited weed roots more than shoots.
Verbatim
e0“Allelopathic rice inhibited growth of paddy weed roots more than shoots regardless of species.”
Claim · model-written summary
Allelopathic rice significantly reduced total root length, area and maximum width of paddy weeds.
Verbatim
e0“allelopathic rice significantly reduced total root length, total root area, maximum root width and maximum root depth of paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Allelopathic rice significantly reduced maximum weed root depth.
Verbatim
e0“allelopathic rice significantly reduced total root length, total root area, maximum root width and maximum root depth of paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Paddy weeds adjusted horizontal and vertical root placement in response to rice.
Verbatim
e0“the weeds adjusted horizontal and vertical placement of their roots in response to the presence of allelopathic rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed roots generally avoided expansion toward allelopathic rice except weedy rice.
Verbatim
e0“With the exception of O. sativa (weedy rice), root growth of weeds avoided expanding towards allelopathic rice.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root segregation increased inhibition of E. crus-galli.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Treatment
- root segregatione0
- Interactor
- E. crus-galli
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- inhibition of E. crus-gallie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- root contacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with root contact, root segregation significantly increased inhibition of E. crus-galli, E. prostrata and L. chinensis through an increase in rice allelochemicals.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Root segregation increased inhibition of E. prostrata.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Treatment
- root segregatione0
- Interactor
- E. prostrata
Eclipta prostratae0weed - Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- root contacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with root contact, root segregation significantly increased inhibition of E. crus-galli, E. prostrata and L. chinensis through an increase in rice allelochemicals.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Root segregation increased inhibition of L. chinensis.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Treatment
- root segregatione0
- Interactor
- L. chinensis
Dinebra chinensise0weed - Outcome
- inhibitione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- root contacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with root contact, root segregation significantly increased inhibition of E. crus-galli, E. prostrata and L. chinensis through an increase in rice allelochemicals.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed root exudates induced rice allelochemical production.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Interactor
- Echinochloa crus-galliEchinochloa crus-gallie1weed
- Second interactor
- Eclipta prostrataEclipta prostratae1weed
- Outcome
- production of rice allelochemicalse0
- Qualifier
- root exudatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“their root exudates induced production of rice allelochemicals.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eclipta prostrata, Leptochloa chinensis and Oryza sativa (weedy rice)”
Claim · model-written summary
C. difformis did not show the segregation or exudate response.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Treatment
- root segregation or root exudate applicatione0
- Interactor
- C. difformis
Cyperus difformise0weed - Outcome
- similar results were not observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar results were not observed in C. difformis and O. sativa (weedy rice) with either root segregation or root exudate application.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds”
Claim · model-written summary
O. sativa (weedy rice) did not show the segregation or exudate response.
- Taxon
- allelopathic ricee1
- Treatment
- root segregation or root exudate applicatione0
- Interactor
- O. sativa (weedy rice)
Oryza sativae0weed - Outcome
- similar results were not observede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“similar results were not observed in C. difformis and O. sativa (weedy rice) with either root segregation or root exudate application.”
e1“interactions between allelopathic rice and major paddy weeds”