Paper · 1926 · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)

The influence of fertilizers, manures, and lime on the plant and seed characters of wheat and corn and on their yield trend

Michael Kipps

15
claims
23
verbatim quotes
0
citations
1
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

Under the conditions of the Rotation Experiment with Fertilizers, the following results were obtained with corn: The phosphorous plat, complete fertilizer plat and the manure plats produced a much higher yield of corn than the check plat. Also, these plats produced a higher percentage of marketable grain than the other plats. There was not much difference in the shelling percentage from the various plats but it was somewhat lower on the nitrogen and the floats plats. The nitrogen-phosphorous plat produced the greatest number pounds of shelled corn per pound of stover. The complete fertilizer plat also produced a high percentage of grain to stover. The percentage of matured ears was greatly increased on the nitrogen-phosphorous plat and the three manure plats. The corn plants on the manure plat developed sooner than those on the other plats while those of the check plat developed later. Also, the plants were larger in circumference and in height on the manured plat. The means of the corn characters were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat, and the means increased as the productivity increased. On the whole, the constants of variation were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat. The differences were sufficiently great to indicate that they were significant. On the whole, the coefficients of correlation of the corn characters were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat but the odds do not show that they are significant. Opposite results were obtained with wheat which is shown in Table 9. Also, in the case of wheat, the odds on the whole are not significant . In summing up all of the data in this experiment, it may be said that manure and acid phosphate were the chief limiting factors affecting yield. High yield of corn is usually accompanied by a high percentage of marketable grain, high shelling percentage, high ratio of grain to stover, high percentage of matured ears, and early maturity of plants.

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The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 15

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Phosphorous, complete fertilizer, and manure plots produced higher corn yield than the check.

Treatment
phosphorous plat, complete fertilizer plat and the manure platse0
Outcome
yield of corne0
Direction
much highere0
Comparator
check plate0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The phosphorous plat, complete fertilizer plat and the manure plats produced a much higher yield of corn than the check plat.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 113–238 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Those corn fertilizer and manure plots had more marketable grain.

Treatment
these platse0
Outcome
percentage of marketable graine0
Direction
highere0
Comparator
other platse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“these plats produced a higher percentage of marketable grain than the other plats.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 245–327 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn shelling percentage varied little among plots but was somewhat lower with nitrogen and floats.

Treatment
nitrogen and the floats platse0
Outcome
shelling percentagee0
Direction
lowere0
Comparator
various platse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“There was not much difference in the shelling percentage from the various plats but it was somewhat lower on the nitrogen and the floats plats.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 328–471 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen-phosphorous yielded the highest pounds of shelled corn per pound of stover.

Treatment
nitrogen-phosphorous plate0
Outcome
number pounds of shelled corn per pound of stovere0
Direction
greateste0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The nitrogen-phosphorous plat produced the greatest number pounds of shelled corn per pound of stover.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 472–574 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Complete fertilizer produced a high grain-to-stover percentage in corn.

Treatment
complete fertilizer plate0
Outcome
percentage of grain to stovere0
Direction
highe0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The complete fertilizer plat also produced a high percentage of grain to stover.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 575–655 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Nitrogen-phosphorous and manure plots increased corn mature-ear percentage.

Treatment
nitrogen-phosphorous plat and the three manure platse0
Outcome
percentage of matured earse0
Direction
greatly increasede0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The percentage of matured ears was greatly increased on the nitrogen-phosphorous plat and the three manure plats.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 656–769 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn developed earlier with manure and later on the check plot.

Treatment
manure plate0
Outcome
developed soonere0
Direction
soonere0
Comparator
other platse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The corn plants on the manure plat developed sooner than those on the other plats while those of the check plat developed later.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–898 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Manured corn plants had greater circumference and height.

Treatment
manured plate0
Outcome
circumference and in heighte0
Direction
largere0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the plants were larger in circumference and in height on the manured plat.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 905–979 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn-character means were greater on fertilized than check plots.

Treatment
fertilized platse0
Outcome
means of the corn characterse0
Direction
greatere0
Comparator
check plate0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“The means of the corn characters were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 980–1072 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn-character means increased with productivity.

Outcome
meanse0
Direction
increasede0
Setting
productivitye0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the means increased as the productivity increased.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1078–1128 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultsignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Variation constants were generally greater on fertilized corn plots than checks.

Treatment
fertilized platse0
Outcome
constants of variatione0
Direction
greatere0
Comparator
check plate0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the constants of variation were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1143–1230 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Corn-character correlations were generally greater on fertilized plots, without significant odds.

Treatment
fertilized platse0
Outcome
coefficients of correlation of the corn characterse0
Direction
greatere0
Comparator
check plate0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“the coefficients of correlation of the corn characters were greater on the fertilized plats than on the check plat but the odds do not show that they are significant.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1325–1491 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultnot significant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Wheat showed opposite, generally nonsignificant results.

Outcome
Opposite resultse0
Qualifier
odds on the whole are not significante0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivum · TaxonRasbak · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“Opposite results were obtained with wheat which is shown in Table 9. Also, in the case of wheat, the odds on the whole are not significant .”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1492–1632 · show in text ↑
Observationauthor interpretationoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Manure and acid phosphate were identified as chief yield-limiting factors.

Treatment
manure and acid phosphatee0
Outcome
yielde0
Qualifier
chief limiting factorse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“manure and acid phosphate were the chief limiting factors affecting yield.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1703–1777 · show in text ↑
t0

“corn”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 94–98 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

High corn yield was associated with favorable grain and maturity traits.

Outcome
High yield of corne0
Direction
highe0
Setting
early maturity of plantse0

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Zea mays subsp. mays
Zea mays subsp. mays · TaxonDominicus Johannes Bergsma · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0

“High yield of corn is usually accompanied by a high percentage of marketable grain, high shelling percentage, high ratio of grain to stover, high percentage of matured ears, and early maturity of plants.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1778–1981 · show in text ↑

fertilization · organism · Zea mays (maize)Results differ

162 papers: 137 positive, 25 negative or no effect

136 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. no effect

158 papers more in this group

See all 162 papers →

nitrogen · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

63 papers: 46 positive, 17 negative or no effect

45 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. negative
  3. no effect

59 papers more in this group

See all 63 papers →

fertilization · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

1,365 papers: 1,196 positive, 169 negative or no effect

1,195 papers in the same direction as this paper · 149 in the opposite direction · 20 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. no effect
  2. no effect
  3. negative

1,361 papers more in this group

See all 1,365 papers →

fertilization · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results

3,908 papers: 3,485 positive, 423 negative or no effect

3,484 papers in the same direction as this paper · 338 in the opposite direction · 85 reporting no difference from an alternative

  1. negative
  2. no effect
  3. negative

3,904 papers more in this group

See all 3,908 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.