Abstract
To address how plant domestication has impacted nematode populations and interactions, the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) agroecosystem within the Pinelands National Reserve was selected because of the availability of nearby wild-growing stands of V. corymbosum. Over 3 years, the rhizospheric soil of both wild and cultivated plants was sampled three times per year. Alongside sampling for entomopathogenic and plant parasitic nematodes, soil abiotic traits were measured. There was an overall trend for EPN abundance to be higher in cultivated soil than wild soil. The wild sites also showed seasonal variation in EPN abundance in 2011 but not in 2012 or 2013 while the cultivated environment had more consistent abundance. EPN diversity was higher in the wild environment, and isolates from the wild showed varying virulence to Anomala orientalis larvae. Conversely, plant parasitic nematodes were more diverse in the cultivated setting. The most prevalent isolate from cultivated plants was identified as Steinernema glaseri (B1) and used in subsequent laboratory studies. The attraction of two local EPN isolates, one from cultivated plants (B1) and one from wild plants (N9), to A. orientalis larvae and wild and cultivated V. corymbosum plant roots was assessed using two-choice olfactometers. B1 was more attracted to the cultivated plants than the wild and insect feeding enhanced this attraction. N9 was more attracted to wild plants alone than wild plants with feeding larvae. From preliminary GC-MS analysis, it appears that the plant alone constitutively produces more volatiles without third instar A. orientalis feeding than with it. To test if the B1 isolate attraction and infectivity could be increased by use of known chemicals [E)-β-caryophyllene and pregeijerene], we compared the two chemicals in the laboratory and field. In six-arm belowground olfactometers, B1 was significantly more attracted to (E)-β-caryophyllene. But in the field, the differences between the treatments were not significant. However, in counting the number of EPNs successfully establishing the host in the field, the blank treatment (without attractant) attracted 2× more EPNs. In conclusion, plant domestication in a perennial setting gives rise to selection pressures on the local EPN populations to the benefit of the attraction of EPNs.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
EPN abundance tended to be higher in cultivated than wild soil.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberry
Vaccinium corymbosumt0 - Outcome
- EPN abundancee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wild soile0
- Setting
- cultivated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was an overall trend for EPN abundance to be higher in cultivated soil than wild soil.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild sites had seasonal EPN abundance variation in 2011, but not 2012 or 2013.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- seasonal variation in EPN abundancee0
- Qualifier
- in 2011 but not in 2012 or 2013e0
- Setting
- wild sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The wild sites also showed seasonal variation in EPN abundance in 2011 but not in 2012 or 2013 while the cultivated environment had more consistent abundance.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated sites had more consistent EPN abundance.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- more consistent abundancee0
- Setting
- cultivated environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cultivated environment had more consistent abundance.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
EPN diversity was higher in wild environments.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- EPN diversitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- wild environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EPN diversity was higher in the wild environment”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild isolates varied in virulence toward Anomala orientalis larvae.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- Anomala orientalis
Anomala orientalise0pest - Outcome
- varying virulence to Anomala orientalis larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isolates from the wild showed varying virulence to Anomala orientalis larvae.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant parasitic nematodes were more diverse in cultivated sites.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Outcome
- plant parasitic nematodes were more diversee0
- Direction
- more diversee0
- Setting
- cultivated settinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant parasitic nematodes were more diverse in the cultivated setting.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The prevalent cultivated-plant isolate was identified as Steinernema glaseri (B1).
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- Steinernema glaseriSteinernema glaserie0other
- Outcome
- most prevalent isolatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most prevalent isolate from cultivated plants was identified as Steinernema glaseri (B1)”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
B1 was more attracted to cultivated plants than wild plants.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- B1e0other
- Outcome
- B1 was more attractede0
- Direction
- more attractede0
- Comparator
- wilde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B1 was more attracted to the cultivated plants than the wild”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect feeding enhanced B1 attraction to cultivated plants.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Treatment
- insect feedinge0
- Outcome
- attractione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“insect feeding enhanced this attraction.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
e1“The most prevalent isolate from cultivated plants was identified as Steinernema glaseri (B1)”
Claim · model-written summary
N9 was more attracted to wild plants alone than to wild plants with feeding larvae.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- N9e0other
- Outcome
- N9 was more attractede0
- Direction
- more attractede0
- Comparator
- wild plants with feeding larvaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N9 was more attracted to wild plants alone than wild plants with feeding larvae.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preliminary analysis suggested plants without larval feeding produced more volatiles.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- A. orientalisAnomala orientalise0pest
- Outcome
- more volatilese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- with ite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it appears that the plant alone constitutively produces more volatiles without third instar A. orientalis feeding than with it.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
B1 was significantly more attracted to (E)-β-caryophyllene in olfactometers.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Interactor
- B1e0other
- Compound
- (E)-β-caryophyllenee0
- Outcome
- B1 was significantly more attractede0
- Direction
- more attractede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In six-arm belowground olfactometers, B1 was significantly more attracted to (E)-β-caryophyllene.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Field treatment differences were not significant.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- differences between the treatmentse0
- Setting
- in the fielde0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“But in the field, the differences between the treatments were not significant.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The blank treatment attracted twice as many EPNs establishing a host in the field.
- Taxon
- highbush blueberryVaccinium corymbosumt0
- Treatment
- blank treatment (without attractant)e0
- Interactor
- EPNse0other
- Outcome
- EPNse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 2×e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the blank treatment (without attractant) attracted 2× more EPNs.”
t0“highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)”