Abstract
The general morphology and micromorphology of the flower in Polygonatum multiflorum, Maianthemum bifolium, and Convallaria majalis were studied using light microscopy methods. Among the studied species, P. multiflorum and C. majalis have syntepalous and trimerous flowers, and in M. bifolium flowers are the most reduced: they are dimerous, pentacyclic, and with free tepals. Only in P. multiflorum stamens are considerably adnate to the floral tube. The gynoecium of P. multiflorum consists of synascidiate, hemisymplicate, and asymplicate zones. In the gynoecium of M. bifolium and C. majalis, synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate vertical zones were revealed. In P. multiflorum and M. bifolium, the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpels, while in C. majalis the style is formed by congenitally fused carpels (symplicate gynoecium zone). A common pattern of the venation of the floral parts was revealed in all the species. The external flower morphology and the gynoecium inner structure are different in all three species, providing adaptations for the pollination mode. Attractive elements observed in the flower of P. multiflorum are the long septal nectary in the ovary and epidermal trichomes on the inner perigonium surface and on the filaments. In M. bifolium, a rudimentary external septal nectary was observed for the first time. No nectaries or other morphologically distinct secretory structures were found in the C. majalis flower, allowing considering the C. majalis flowers as pollen flowers.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonatum multiflorum flowers are syntepalous and trimerous.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorum
Polygonatum multiflorume1 - Organ / stage
- flowerse1
- Outcome
- syntepalous and trimerous flowerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“P. multiflorum and C. majalis have syntepalous and trimerous flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Convallaria majalis flowers are syntepalous and trimerous.
- Taxon
- C. majalis
Convallaria majalise1 - Organ / stage
- flowerse1
- Outcome
- syntepalous and trimerous flowerse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“P. multiflorum and C. majalis have syntepalous and trimerous flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Maianthemum bifolium flowers are the most reduced: dimerous, pentacyclic, with free tepals.
- Taxon
- M. bifolium
Maianthemum bifoliume1 - Organ / stage
- flowerse1
- Outcome
- dimerous, pentacyclic, and with free tepalse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in M. bifolium flowers are the most reduced: they are dimerous, pentacyclic, and with free tepals”
Claim · model-written summary
In Polygonatum multiflorum the stamens are considerably adnate to the floral tube.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume1
- Organ / stage
- stamense1
- Outcome
- stamens are considerably adnate to the floral tubee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Only in P. multiflorum stamens are considerably adnate to the floral tube”
Claim · model-written summary
The gynoecium of Polygonatum multiflorum consists of synascidiate, hemisymplicate and asymplicate zones.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume1
- Organ / stage
- gynoeciume1
- Outcome
- synascidiate, hemisymplicate, and asymplicate zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The gynoecium of P. multiflorum consists of synascidiate, hemisymplicate, and asymplicate zones”
Claim · model-written summary
The gynoecium of Maianthemum bifolium has synascidiate, symplicate and asymplicate vertical zones.
- Taxon
- M. bifoliumMaianthemum bifoliume1
- Organ / stage
- gynoeciume1
- Outcome
- synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate vertical zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the gynoecium of M. bifolium and C. majalis, synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate vertical zones were revealed”
Claim · model-written summary
The gynoecium of Convallaria majalis has synascidiate, symplicate and asymplicate vertical zones.
- Taxon
- C. majalisConvallaria majalise1
- Organ / stage
- gynoeciume1
- Outcome
- synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate vertical zonese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In the gynoecium of M. bifolium and C. majalis, synascidiate, symplicate, and asymplicate vertical zones were revealed”
Claim · model-written summary
In Polygonatum multiflorum the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpels.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume1
- Organ / stage
- stylee1
- Outcome
- the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In P. multiflorum and M. bifolium, the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpels”
Claim · model-written summary
In Maianthemum bifolium the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpels.
- Taxon
- M. bifoliumMaianthemum bifoliume1
- Organ / stage
- stylee1
- Outcome
- the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In P. multiflorum and M. bifolium, the style is composed of postgenitally connated carpels”
Claim · model-written summary
In Convallaria majalis the style is formed by congenitally fused carpels.
- Taxon
- C. majalisConvallaria majalise1
- Organ / stage
- stylee1
- Outcome
- formed by congenitally fused carpelse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“while in C. majalis the style is formed by congenitally fused carpels”
Claim · model-written summary
A common pattern of floral-part venation was found in all three species.
- Taxon
- Polygonatum multiflorum, Maianthemum bifolium, and Convallaria majalisConvallaria majalisPolygonatum multiflorumMaianthemum bifoliume2
- Organ / stage
- floral partse1
- Outcome
- venation of the floral partse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“A common pattern of the venation of the floral parts was revealed in all the species”
e2“The general morphology and micromorphology of the flower in Polygonatum multiflorum, Maianthemum bifolium, and Convallaria majalis were studied”
Claim · model-written summary
The external flower morphology and gynoecium inner structure differ among the three species, providing adaptations for the pollination mode.
- Taxon
- Polygonatum multiflorum, Maianthemum bifolium, and Convallaria majalisConvallaria majalisPolygonatum multiflorumMaianthemum bifoliume2
- Organ / stage
- flowere1
- Outcome
- external flower morphologye1
- Qualifier
- providing adaptations for the pollination modee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The external flower morphology and the gynoecium inner structure are different in all three species, providing adaptations for the pollination mode”
e2“The general morphology and micromorphology of the flower in Polygonatum multiflorum, Maianthemum bifolium, and Convallaria majalis were studied”
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonatum multiflorum has a long septal nectary in the ovary.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume1
- Organ / stage
- ovarye1
- Outcome
- long septal nectary in the ovarye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Attractive elements observed in the flower of P. multiflorum are the long septal nectary in the ovary and epidermal trichomes on the inner perigonium surface and on the filaments”
Claim · model-written summary
Polygonatum multiflorum has epidermal trichomes on the inner perigonium surface and on the filaments.
- Taxon
- P. multiflorumPolygonatum multiflorume1
- Organ / stage
- inner perigonium surfacee1
- Outcome
- epidermal trichomes on the inner perigonium surface and on the filamentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Attractive elements observed in the flower of P. multiflorum are the long septal nectary in the ovary and epidermal trichomes on the inner perigonium surface and on the filaments”
Claim · model-written summary
A rudimentary external septal nectary was observed for the first time in Maianthemum bifolium.
- Taxon
- M. bifoliumMaianthemum bifoliume1
- Outcome
- rudimentary external septal nectarye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In M. bifolium, a rudimentary external septal nectary was observed for the first time”
Claim · model-written summary
Convallaria majalis flowers lack nectaries or other morphologically distinct secretory structures.
- Taxon
- C. majalisConvallaria majalise1
- Organ / stage
- flowere1
- Outcome
- nectaries or other morphologically distinct secretory structurese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“No nectaries or other morphologically distinct secretory structures were found in the C. majalis flower”