Abstract
Moderation of soil disturbance following tillage operations using external inputs, particularly organic manures, is becoming an important aspect of soil tillage management. This study examined the effects of tillage, poultry manure (PM) and NPK fertiliser on soil physical properties and their relationship with maize yield. The experiment was a split-split-plot design with three replications. Tillage (zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT)) was the main plot, the subplot contained four NPK fertiliser treatments (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha–1), and the sub-subplots comprised three PM treatments (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha–1). The soil texture was gravelly loamy sand. Soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (Pt), clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were evaluated. Samples for BD and Ks were collected from the soil surface using stainless cylindrical soil core (5 cm in diameter and 5 cm in height), whereas samples for CDR determination were collected at 0–20 cm soil depth. Compared with the ZT, significantly lower BD was obtained under CT plots at 4 weeks after planting (WAP), which increased at 12 WAP possibly due to slaking and collapse of soil particles by raindrops. Application of PM resulted in significantly lower BD than the unmanured plots. There was a significant interaction effect among tillage, PM and NPK fertiliser on soil physical properties. In plots treated with combined 20 Mg ha–1 PM (PM20) and 150 kg N ha–1, the soil Pt of 55.6% and 57.2% obtained under CT and MT respectively at the end of the second year were significantly higher than those of the control plots (48.5% (CT) and 47.5% (MT)). In general, combined application of NPK and PM did not result in significant differences in CDR and Ks under MT and CT but the higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZT significantly raised the CDR and reduced Ks by 20–43% in 2008 and 23–45% in 2009 relative to the unmanured plots. This implies disaggregation (higher CDR), which possibly resulted in creation of water-repellent properties causing lower Ks. Although Ks and CDR showed no significant relation with grain yield, BD was significantly related with maize grain yield with MT tending to produce ~23% and 20% higher maize grain yield than ZT and CT respectively under a typical arable surface soil BD. Therefore, integrated use of PM and NPK fertiliser is beneficial to soil physical qualities, especially under tillage management, but high quantities of PM should be avoided under ZT soil.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage lowered soil bulk density relative to zero tillage at four weeks after planting.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the ZT, significantly lower BD was obtained under CT plots at 4 weeks after planting (WAP), which increased at 12 WAP possibly due to slaking and collapse of soil particles by raindrops.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bulk density in conventional tillage plots increased at 12 weeks after planting.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the ZT, significantly lower BD was obtained under CT plots at 4 weeks after planting (WAP), which increased at 12 WAP possibly due to slaking and collapse of soil particles by raindrops.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure lowered soil bulk density relative to unmanured plots.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of PM resulted in significantly lower BD than the unmanured plots.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage, manure and NPK fertilizer interacted significantly for soil physical properties.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant interaction effect among tillage, PM and NPK fertiliser on soil physical properties.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPK raised soil porosity under conventional tillage relative to control.
- Treatment
- combined 20 Mg ha–1 PM (PM20) and 150 kg N ha–1e0
- Outcome
- soil Pte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 55.6%e0
- Qualifier
- CTe0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In plots treated with combined 20 Mg ha–1 PM (PM20) and 150 kg N ha–1, the soil Pt of 55.6% and 57.2% obtained under CT and MT respectively at the end of the second year were significantly higher than those of the control plots (48.5% (CT) and 47.5% (MT)).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined manure and NPK raised soil porosity under minimum tillage relative to control.
- Treatment
- combined 20 Mg ha–1 PM (PM20) and 150 kg N ha–1e0
- Outcome
- soil Pte0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 57.2%e0
- Qualifier
- MTe0
- Comparator
- control plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In plots treated with combined 20 Mg ha–1 PM (PM20) and 150 kg N ha–1, the soil Pt of 55.6% and 57.2% obtained under CT and MT respectively at the end of the second year were significantly higher than those of the control plots (48.5% (CT) and 47.5% (MT)).”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NPK and manure produced no significant clay dispersion ratio difference under minimum and conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- combined application of NPK and PMe0
- Outcome
- CDRe0
- Direction
- did not result in significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- under MT and CTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, combined application of NPK and PM did not result in significant differences in CDR and Ks under MT and CT”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NPK and manure produced no significant saturated hydraulic conductivity difference under minimum and conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- combined application of NPK and PMe0
- Outcome
- Kse0
- Direction
- did not result in significant differencese0
- Qualifier
- under MT and CTe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, combined application of NPK and PM did not result in significant differences in CDR and Ks under MT and CT”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High manure and NPK rates under zero tillage raised clay dispersion ratio.
- Treatment
- higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZTe0
- Outcome
- CDRe0
- Direction
- raisede0
- Comparator
- unmanured plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZT significantly raised the CDR and reduced Ks by 20–43% in 2008 and 23–45% in 2009 relative to the unmanured plots.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High manure and NPK rates under zero tillage reduced hydraulic conductivity by 20–43% in 2008.
- Treatment
- higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZTe0
- Outcome
- Kse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20–43%e0
- Qualifier
- 2008e0
- Comparator
- unmanured plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZT significantly raised the CDR and reduced Ks by 20–43% in 2008 and 23–45% in 2009 relative to the unmanured plots.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High manure and NPK rates under zero tillage reduced hydraulic conductivity by 23–45% in 2009.
- Treatment
- higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZTe0
- Outcome
- Kse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23–45%e0
- Qualifier
- 2009e0
- Comparator
- unmanured plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the higher rate of PM (PM20) and NPK fertiliser under ZT significantly raised the CDR and reduced Ks by 20–43% in 2008 and 23–45% in 2009 relative to the unmanured plots.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydraulic conductivity and clay dispersion ratio were not significantly related to grain yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although Ks and CDR showed no significant relation with grain yield, BD was significantly related with maize grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bulk density was significantly associated with maize grain yield.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BD was significantly related with maize grain yield with MT tending to produce ~23% and 20% higher maize grain yield than ZT and CT respectively under a typical arable surface soil BD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage tended toward 23% higher maize grain yield than zero tillage.
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ~23%e0
- Qualifier
- under a typical arable surface soil BDe0
- Comparator
- ZTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT tending to produce ~23% and 20% higher maize grain yield than ZT and CT respectively under a typical arable surface soil BD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage tended toward 20% higher maize grain yield than conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- maize grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20%e0
- Qualifier
- under a typical arable surface soil BDe0
- Comparator
- CTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT tending to produce ~23% and 20% higher maize grain yield than ZT and CT respectively under a typical arable surface soil BD.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend avoiding high manure quantities under zero tillage.
- Outcome
- high quantities of PM should be avoided under ZT soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high quantities of PM should be avoided under ZT soil.”
t0“maize”
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