Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the spatial distribution of roots and cracks in two clay soils cropped with sunflower under different inter-row spacing in order to identify the optimal management. A latin square experimental design was applied to compare bare soil and soil cropped with sunflower, with three plant densities, obtained by keeping constant the number of plants on the row (3 plants m−1) and varying the row spacing (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 m). The presence of the crop and the different distance between rows influenced soil moisture content as well as the root spatial distribution and thus the structural features of cracks. Increasingly lower values of moisture were found in both soils as the distance between rows decreased; an opposite trend was observed for both root density and crack size. The volume of cracks in the soil grown with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing was 201.4 m3 ha−1, thus 8 times higher than the value on the bare soil and 2.5 times higher compared to the one grown at 0.8 m between rows. Optimal results in terms of root density, soil moisture and crack size were obtained with an inter-row spacing of 0.6 m.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower at 0.6 m inter-row spacing gave optimal root density, soil moisture and crack size.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse1 - Treatment
- inter-row spacing of 0.6 me2
- Outcome
- root density, soil moisture and crack sizee2
- Direction
- Optimal resultse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two clay soils cropped with sunflower”
e2“Optimal results in terms of root density, soil moisture and crack size were obtained with an inter-row spacing of 0.6 m”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture in sunflower soils was lower as the distance between rows decreased.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- distance between rowse3
- Outcome
- moisturee3
- Direction
- lowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two clay soils cropped with sunflower”
e3“Increasingly lower values of moisture were found in both soils as the distance between rows decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Root density and crack size in sunflower soils were higher as the distance between rows decreased.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- distance between rowse3
- Outcome
- root density and crack sizee6
- Direction
- higherinferrede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two clay soils cropped with sunflower”
e3“Increasingly lower values of moisture were found in both soils as the distance between rows decreased”
e6“an opposite trend was observed for both root density and crack size”
Claim · model-written summary
Cracks in soil cropped with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing were 8 times higher in volume than in bare soil (201.4 m3 ha−1).
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- sunflower at 0.4 m row spacinge4
- Outcome
- volume of crackse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 8 timese4
- Qualifier
- 201.4 m3 ha−1e4
- Comparator
- bare soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two clay soils cropped with sunflower”
e4“The volume of cracks in the soil grown with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing was 201.4 m3 ha−1, thus 8 times higher than the value on the bare soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Cracks in soil cropped with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing were 2.5 times higher in volume than at 0.8 m row spacing.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- sunflower at 0.4 m row spacinge4
- Outcome
- volume of crackse4
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 2.5 timese5
- Comparator
- 0.8 m between rowse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two clay soils cropped with sunflower”
e4“The volume of cracks in the soil grown with sunflower at 0.4 m row spacing was 201.4 m3 ha−1, thus 8 times higher than the value on the bare soil”
e5“2.5 times higher compared to the one grown at 0.8 m between rows”
The same questions in other papers
density · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
16 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.