Abstract
Abstract A three-year field monoculture trial of Radix pseudostellariae and complementary laboratory studies were conducted to further elucidate the underlying mechanism responsible for significant decreases in the biomass yield and quality of R. pseudostellariae under continuous monoculture regimes. HPLC analysis indicated that continuous monoculture soil was rich in organic acids, which had cumulative effects over time. Further analysis suggested that the application of a mixture of organic acids significantly promoted growth of pathogenic fungi, and increased the expression of chemotaxis-related gene ( che A) and biofilm formation of the specific pathogenic Kosakonia sacchari . However, opposite reactions were observed in the case of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumilus . Concurrently, the present results revealed that the mixed organic acids stimulated the production of toxins, as well as H 2 O 2 in the pathogenic fungi. Furthermore, the presence of organic acids reflecting environmental conditions under monocropping had negative effects on the expression of the biocontrol-related genes, which resulted in attenuated antagonistic activities of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to suppress mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi. These results help to unveil the mechanisms associated with how accumulated organic acids differentially mediate deterioration of soil microbial composition and structure in monocropping system.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous monoculture soil accumulated organic acids over time.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“HPLC analysis indicated that continuous monoculture soil was rich in organic acids, which had cumulative effects over time.”
Claim · model-written summary
The organic-acid mixture significantly promoted pathogenic fungal growth.
- Taxon
- pathogenic fungie0
- Treatment
- application of a mixture of organic acidse0
- Outcome
- growth of pathogenic fungie0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the application of a mixture of organic acids significantly promoted growth of pathogenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acids increased che A expression and biofilm formation in Kosakonia sacchari.
- Taxon
- Kosakonia sacchariKosakonia saccharie0
- Treatment
- application of a mixture of organic acidse0
- Gene
- che Ae0
- Outcome
- expression of chemotaxis-related gene ( che A) and biofilm formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the application of a mixture of organic acids significantly promoted growth of pathogenic fungi, and increased the expression of chemotaxis-related gene ( che A) and biofilm formation of the specific pathogenic Kosakonia sacchari”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus megaterium exhibited opposite responses to the organic acids.
- Taxon
- Bacillus megaterium
Priestia megateriume0 - Treatment
- application of a mixture of organic acidse1
- Outcome
- opposite reactionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, opposite reactions were observed in the case of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumilus .”
e1“application of a mixture of organic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus pumilus exhibited opposite responses to the organic acids.
- Taxon
- Bacillus pumilusBacillus pumiluse0
- Treatment
- application of a mixture of organic acidse1
- Outcome
- opposite reactionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“However, opposite reactions were observed in the case of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus pumilus .”
e1“application of a mixture of organic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixed organic acids stimulated fungal toxin and hydrogen peroxide production.
- Taxon
- pathogenic fungie0
- Treatment
- mixed organic acidse0
- Outcome
- production of toxins, as well as H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the mixed organic acids stimulated the production of toxins, as well as H 2 O 2 in the pathogenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic acids negatively affected biocontrol-gene expression in PGPR.
- Taxon
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteriae0
- Treatment
- presence of organic acidse0
- Outcome
- expression of the biocontrol-related genese0
- Direction
- negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the presence of organic acids reflecting environmental conditions under monocropping had negative effects on the expression of the biocontrol-related genes, which resulted in attenuated antagonistic activities of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to suppress mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced biocontrol-gene expression attenuated PGPR antagonism against fungal mycelial growth.
Verbatim
e0“negative effects on the expression of the biocontrol-related genes, which resulted in attenuated antagonistic activities of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to suppress mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungi”