Abstract
Electrical signals, including action potential (AP), play an important role in plant adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. Experimental and theoretical investigations of the mechanisms of AP generation are required to understand the relationships between environmental factors and electrical activity of plants. In this work we have elaborated a mathematical model of AP generation, which takes into account the participation of vacuole in the generation of electrical response. The model describes the transporters of the plasma membrane (Ca 2+ , Cl – , and K + channels, H + - and Ca 2+ -ATPases, H + /K + antiporter, and 2H + /Cl – symporter) and the tonoplast (Ca 2+ , Cl – , and K + channels; H + - and Ca 2+ -ATPases; H + /K + , 2H + /Cl – , and 3H + /Ca 2+ antiporters), with due consideration of their regulation by second messengers (Ca 2+ and IP3). The apoplastic, cytoplasmic and vacuolar buffers are also described. The properties of the simulated AP are in good agreement with experimental data. The AP model describes the attenuation of electrical signal with an increase in the vacuole area and volume; this effect is related to a decrease in the Ca 2+ spike magnitude. The electrical signal was weakly influenced by the K + and Cl – content in the vacuole. It was also shown that the contribution of vacuolar IP 3 -dependent Ca 2+ channels into the generation of calcium spike during AP was insignificant with the given parameters of the model. The results provide theoretical evidence for the significance of the vacuolar area and volume in plant cell excitability.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
The simulated action potential properties agree well with experimental data.
- Taxon
- higher plantsEmbryophytat1
- Outcome
- properties of the simulated APe1
- Comparator
- experimental datae1
Verbatim
e1“The properties of the simulated AP are in good agreement with experimental data”
t1“in higher plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing vacuole area and volume attenuates the simulated electrical signal in higher plants.
- Taxon
- higher plantsEmbryophytat1
- Treatment
- an increase in the vacuole area and volumee2
- Outcome
- attenuation of electrical signale2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Verbatim
e2“The AP model describes the attenuation of electrical signal with an increase in the vacuole area and volume; this effect is related to a decrease in the Ca 2+ spike magnitude”
t1“in higher plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The attenuation of the electrical signal is related to a decrease in the Ca 2+ spike magnitude in the model.
- Taxon
- higher plantsEmbryophytat1
- Compound
- Ca 2+e2
- Outcome
- attenuation of electrical signale2
Verbatim
e2“The AP model describes the attenuation of electrical signal with an increase in the vacuole area and volume; this effect is related to a decrease in the Ca 2+ spike magnitude”
t1“in higher plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuolar K+ and Cl- content weakly influences the simulated electrical signal.
- Taxon
- higher plantsEmbryophytat1
- Treatment
- K + and Cl – content in the vacuolee3
- Outcome
- electrical signale3
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e3“The electrical signal was weakly influenced by the K + and Cl – content in the vacuole”
t1“in higher plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Vacuolar IP3-dependent Ca2+ channels contribute insignificantly to the calcium spike of the simulated AP.
- Taxon
- higher plantsEmbryophytat1
- Compound
- IP 3e4
- Outcome
- generation of calcium spike during APe4
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e4“the contribution of vacuolar IP 3 -dependent Ca 2+ channels into the generation of calcium spike during AP was insignificant”
t1“in higher plants”