Abstract
The rusty grain beetle is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products, and may cause grain to spoil and heat. The ability of 2-week-old rusty grain beetle larvae, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), to complete development to the adult stage on undamaged corn kernels was compared with development on damaged kernels (undamaged kernels that are slit through the germ with a razor blade) and coarsely cracked corn at 30°C and 75% RH. Both the condition of the corn and infestation level (1 or 5 larvae per cage) significantly affected the proportion of samples in which adults developed. More adults developed in samples containing damaged or coarsely cracked corn than in samples containing undamaged corn. More adults were produced in samples at the higher infestation level. The results indicate that older rusty grain beetle larvae can complete development on sound grain, but more complete development on damaged grain. A long-term test of the ability of rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn was also conducted. Ten adults and ten 2-week-old larvae were placed on 150 g each of: 1) undamaged kernels, 2) damaged kernels, 3) kernels that were sifted to remove dockage but not otherwise selected, and 4) coarsely cracked corn. Population growth at 30°C and 75% RH was monitored over a 36-week period. Population growth on coarsely cracked corn was rapid. This treatment was terminated after 20 weeks, because the corn was deteriorating and population growth was beginning to decline. Final population levels on damaged and unselected corn kernels were high. There was little population growth on undamaged kernels. The results indicate that sound grain is relatively resistant to infestation by rusty grain beetles, even when older larvae are present. Although commercial grain is susceptible to infestation, rate of rusty grain beetle population growth is slow compared to that on damaged grain.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel condition significantly affected the proportion of samples producing adult beetles.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Organ / stage
- corne0
- Interactor
- larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- proportion of samples in which adults developede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the condition of the corn and infestation level (1 or 5 larvae per cage) significantly affected the proportion of samples in which adults developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Infestation level significantly affected the proportion of samples producing adult beetles.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- infestation level (1 or 5 larvae per cage)e0
- Interactor
- larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- proportion of samples in which adults developede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the condition of the corn and infestation level (1 or 5 larvae per cage) significantly affected the proportion of samples in which adults developed”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged or cracked corn yielded more adult beetles than undamaged corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- damaged or coarsely cracked corne0
- Outcome
- adults developede0
- Direction
- Moree0
- Comparator
- undamaged corne0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More adults developed in samples containing damaged or coarsely cracked corn than in samples containing undamaged corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher infestation level produced more adults.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- higher infestation levele0
- Outcome
- adults were producede0
- Direction
- Moree0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“More adults were produced in samples at the higher infestation level”
t0“Whole Corn and Long-Term Population Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Older beetle larvae completed development on sound grain.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- sound graine0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- older rusty grain beetle larvae can complete developmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“older rusty grain beetle larvae can complete development on sound grain”
t0“Whole Corn and Long-Term Population Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle population growth on cracked corn was rapid.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- coarsely cracked corne0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- Population growthe0
- Direction
- rapide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Population growth on coarsely cracked corn was rapid”
t0“Whole Corn and Long-Term Population Growth”
e1“rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle population growth began declining after 20 weeks as cracked corn deteriorated.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- corne0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- population growthe0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 20 weekse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment was terminated after 20 weeks, because the corn was deteriorating and population growth was beginning to decline”
e1“rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Final beetle population levels on damaged kernels were high.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- damagede0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- Final population levelse0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Final population levels on damaged and unselected corn kernels were high”
e1“rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Final beetle population levels on unselected kernels were high.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- unselected corn kernelse0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- Final population levelse0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Final population levels on damaged and unselected corn kernels were high”
e1“rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn”
Claim · model-written summary
There was little beetle population growth on undamaged kernels.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- undamaged kernelse0
- Interactor
- rusty grain beetlese1pest
- Outcome
- population growthe0
- Direction
- littlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was little population growth on undamaged kernels”
t0“Whole Corn and Long-Term Population Growth”
e1“rusty grain beetles to infest whole corn”