Abstract
Duckweed Lemna minor L. has been commonly used as test organism in toxicological studies due to its small size, rapid growth, vegetative reproduction, ease of culture and sensitivity to numerous pollutants (Lewis 1995). Generally, plants respond to various environmental stress factors by accumulation of glutathion, organic acids and proline ; enhanced activity of peroxidase and other detoxification enzymes ; synthesis of stress proteins, metallothioneins and phytochelatins (Sanita di Toppi and Gabbrielli 1999). In present study the physiological response of Lemna minor to salinity, cadmium and increased temperature was evaluated not only by growth parameters, than also by peroxidase activity and appearance of stress proteins. Axenic stock cultures of Lemna minor L. were used for treatment with 0.01 mmol dm-3 CdCl2, 0.05 mol dm-3 NaCl and 40 C. Growth was estimated during 17 days by counting frond number every two days (Ensley et al. 1994). Plants extracts were made every two days during three weeks for determination of protein content (Bradford 1976), total guaiacol peroxidase activity (Mader et al. 1975) and for SDS-electrophoresis (Laemmli 1970). Results and Cadmium caused not only the most prominent decrease of growth, chlorosis and smaller plants but also the most significant increase of peroxidase activity and the appearance of stress protein was noticed. In several plant species CdCl2 caused this effects (Sanita di Toppi and Gabbrieli 1999). NaCl also decreased the growth, increased peroxidase activity but not uniformly while stress proteins were not found. Bajji et al. (1998) also found out that NaCl reduced growth and increased peroxidase activity in Atriplex halimus L. while Yen et al. (1997) noticed induction of stress proteins in Mesembryannthemum crystallium. Temperature of 40 oC was sublethal to Lemna minor and significant decrease of growth was observed at the end of experiment. However, any increase above 42 oC was lethal causing bleaching effect. Temperature caused variable response of peroxidase activity, sometimes it was slightly increased and sometimes decreased. Edreva et al. (1998) found out that heat shock enhanced activities of peroxidase in bean. Although heat shock proteins were noticed in plants, including rice (Mariamma et al. 1997) until now we did not find them but they are usually induced immediately following an increase in temperature so in future work we will take samples earlier after stress. References: Lewis, M.A. 1995. Environ. Pollut. 87:319-336. ; Sanita di Toppi, L.S. and Gabbrielli, R. 1999. Environ. Exp. Bot. 41:105-130. ; Ensley H.E., Barber, J.T., Polito, M.A. and Oliver, A.I. 1994. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(2):325-331. ; Bradford, M.M. 1976. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254. ; Mader, M., Munch, P. and Boop, M. 1975. Planta 123:257-265. ; Laemmli, U.K. 1970. Nature 227:680-685. ; Bajji, M., Kinet, J.M. and Lutts, S. 1998. Plant Sci. 137:131-142. ; Yen, H.E., Zhang, D., Lin, J.H., Edwards, G.E. and Ku, M.S.B. 1997. Physiol. Plant. 101:526-532. ; Edreva, A., Yordanov, I., Kardjieva, R. and Gesheva, E. 1998. Biol. Plant. 41(2):185-191. ; Mariamma, M., Muthukumar, B., Veluthambi, K. and Gnanam, A. 1997. J. Plant Physiol. 151:763-765.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium decreased growth of Lemna minor, with chlorosis and smaller plants.
- Taxon
- Lemna minor
Lemna minort0 - Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- growthe1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- chlorosis and smaller plantse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e1“Cadmium caused not only the most prominent decrease of growth, chlorosis and smaller plants but also the most significant increase of peroxidase activity and the appearance of stress protein was noticed”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased peroxidase activity in Lemna minor, significantly.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye1
- Direction
- increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e1“Cadmium caused not only the most prominent decrease of growth, chlorosis and smaller plants but also the most significant increase of peroxidase activity and the appearance of stress protein was noticed”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium led to the appearance of stress protein in Lemna minor.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- Cadmiume1
- Outcome
- appearance of stress proteine1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e1“Cadmium caused not only the most prominent decrease of growth, chlorosis and smaller plants but also the most significant increase of peroxidase activity and the appearance of stress protein was noticed”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl decreased growth of Lemna minor.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- NaCle2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e2“NaCl also decreased the growth, increased peroxidase activity but not uniformly while stress proteins were not found”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl increased peroxidase activity in Lemna minor, but not uniformly.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- NaCle2
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- but not uniformlye2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e2“NaCl also decreased the growth, increased peroxidase activity but not uniformly while stress proteins were not found”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl did not induce stress proteins in Lemna minor.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- NaCle2
- Outcome
- stress proteinse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e2“NaCl also decreased the growth, increased peroxidase activity but not uniformly while stress proteins were not found”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature of 40 oC significantly decreased growth of Lemna minor by the end of the experiment.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- Temperature of 40 oCe3
- Outcome
- growthe3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Qualifier
- at the end of experimente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e3“Temperature of 40 oC was sublethal to Lemna minor and significant decrease of growth was observed at the end of experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature of 40 oC was sublethal to Lemna minor.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- Temperature of 40 oCe3
- Outcome
- sublethale3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e3“Temperature of 40 oC was sublethal to Lemna minor and significant decrease of growth was observed at the end of experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Any increase above 42 oC was lethal to Lemna minor, causing a bleaching effect.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- increase above 42 oCe4
- Outcome
- lethale4
- Qualifier
- causing bleaching effecte4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e4“any increase above 42 oC was lethal causing bleaching effect”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature caused a variable response of peroxidase activity in Lemna minor, sometimes slightly increased and sometimes decreased.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- Temperaturee5
- Outcome
- peroxidase activitye5
- Qualifier
- sometimes it was slightly increased and sometimes decreasede5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e5“Temperature caused variable response of peroxidase activity, sometimes it was slightly increased and sometimes decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors did not find heat shock proteins in Lemna minor under the temperature increase tested so far.
- Taxon
- Lemna minorLemna minort0
- Treatment
- an increase in temperaturee6
- Outcome
- heat shock proteinse6
- Qualifier
- until now we did not find theme6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Lemna minor”
e6“Although heat shock proteins were noticed in plants, including rice (Mariamma et al. 1997) until now we did not find them but they are usually induced immediately following an increase in temperature”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · growth · Lemna minorResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.