Abstract
Plant defense to microbial pathogens is often accompanied by significant growth inhibition. How plants merge immune system function with normal growth and development is still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of target of rapamycin (TOR), an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase, in the plant defense response. We used rice as a model system and applied a combination of chemical, genetic, genomic and cell-based analyses. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of TOR and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR), a protein previously demonstrated to interact with TOR in Arabidopsis, positively regulates growth and development in rice. Transcriptome analysis of rice cells treated with the TOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin revealed that TOR not only dictates transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription, but also suppresses many defense-related genes. TOR overexpression lines displayed increased susceptibility to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas plants with reduced TOR signaling displayed enhanced resistance. Finally, we found that TOR antagonizes the action of the classic defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Together, these results indicate that TOR acts as a molecular switch for the activation of cell proliferation and plant growth at the expense of cellular immunity.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Ectopic expression of TOR and Raptor positively regulates growth and development in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- ectopic expression of TOR and Raptore1
- Gene
- TOR and Raptore1
- Outcome
- growth and developmente1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e1“ectopic expression of TOR and Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR), a protein previously demonstrated to interact with TOR in Arabidopsis, positively regulates growth and development in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Rapamycin-treated rice cells showed transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription, dictated by TOR.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rapamycine2
- Outcome
- transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene setse2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e2“Transcriptome analysis of rice cells treated with the TOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin revealed that TOR not only dictates transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription”
Claim · model-written summary
TOR suppresses many defense-related genes in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- TORe2
- Outcome
- defense-related genese3
- Direction
- suppressese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e2“Transcriptome analysis of rice cells treated with the TOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin revealed that TOR not only dictates transcriptional reprogramming of extensive gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle and transcription”
e3“but also suppresses many defense-related genes”
Claim · model-written summary
TOR overexpression lines showed increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Material
- TOR overexpression linese4
- Treatment
- TOR overexpressione4
- Interactor
- bacterial and fungal pathogense4pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e4“TOR overexpression lines displayed increased susceptibility to both bacterial and fungal pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants with reduced TOR signaling showed enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- reduced TOR signalinge5
- Interactor
- bacterial and fungal pathogense4pathogen
- Outcome
- resistancee5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e4“TOR overexpression lines displayed increased susceptibility to both bacterial and fungal pathogens”
e5“whereas plants with reduced TOR signaling displayed enhanced resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
TOR antagonizes the action of the classic defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- TORe6
- Compound
- salicylic acid and jasmonic acide6
- Outcome
- action of the classic defense hormonese6
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e6“TOR antagonizes the action of the classic defense hormones salicylic acid and jasmonic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
TOR acts as a molecular switch that activates cell proliferation and plant growth at the expense of cellular immunity in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Gene
- TORe7
- Outcome
- activation of cell proliferation and plant growthe7
- Qualifier
- at the expense of cellular immunitye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We used rice as a model system”
e7“TOR acts as a molecular switch for the activation of cell proliferation and plant growth at the expense of cellular immunity”
The same questions in other papers
sirolimus · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
overexpression · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.