Abstract
Diseases caused by Fusarium pathogens inflict major yield and quality losses on many economically important plant species worldwide, including cereals. Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum, is a cereal disease that occurs in many arid and semi-arid cropping regions of the world. In recent years, this disease has become more prevalent, in part as a result of the adoption of moisture-preserving cultural practices, such as minimum tillage and stubble retention. In this pathogen profile, we present a brief overview of recent research efforts that have not only advanced our understanding of the interactions between F. pseudograminearum and cereal hosts, but have also provided new disease management options. For instance, significant progress has been made in the genetic characterization of pathogen populations, the development of new tools for disease prediction, and the identification and pyramiding of loci that confer quantitative resistance to FCR in wheat and barley. In addition, transcriptome analyses have revealed new insights into the processes involved in host defence. Significant progress has also been made in understanding the mechanistic details of the F. pseudograminearum infection process. The sequencing and comparative analyses of the F. pseudograminearum genome have revealed novel virulence factors, possibly acquired through horizontal gene transfer. In addition, a conserved pathogen gene cluster involved in the degradation of wheat defence compounds has been identified, and a role for the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in pathogen virulence has been reported. Overall, a better understanding of cereal host-F. pseudograminearum interactions will lead to the development of new control options for this increasingly important disease problem. Taxonomy: Fusarium pseudograminearum O'Donnell & Aoki; Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. Disease symptoms: Fusarium crown rot caused by F. pseudograminearum is also known as crown rot, foot rot and root rot. Infected seedlings can die before or after emergence. If infected seedlings survive, typical disease symptoms are browning of the coleoptile, subcrown internode, lower leaf sheaths and adjacent stems and nodal tissues; this browning can become evident within a few weeks after planting or throughout plant development. Infected plants may develop white heads with no or shrivelled grains. Disease symptoms are exacerbated under water limitation. Identification and detection: Fusarium pseudograminearum macroconidia usually contain three to five septa (22-60.5 × 2.5-5.5 μm). On potato dextrose agar (PDA), aerial mycelia appear floccose and reddish white, with red or reddish-brown reverse pigmentation. Diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests based on the amplification of the gene encoding translation elongation factor-1a (TEF-1a) have been developed for molecular identification. Host range: All major winter cereals can be colonized by F. pseudograminearum. However, the main impact of this pathogen is on bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum (Dest.)) wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Oats (Avena sativa L.) can be infected, but show little or no disease symptoms. In addition, the pathogen has been isolated from various other grass genera, such as Phalaris, Agropyron and Bromus, which may occur as common weeds. Useful websites: https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/; http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium crown rot has become more prevalent in recent years.
- Taxon
- cereal cropst0
- Interactor
- Fusarium pseudograminearumFusarium pseudograminearumt0pathogen
- Outcome
- this diseasee0
- Direction
- more prevalente0
Verbatim
e0“In recent years, this disease has become more prevalent”
t0“Fusarium crown rot caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum in cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance loci have been identified and pyramided in wheat and barley.
- Taxon
- wheat and barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare
Triticum aestivume0 - Gene
- locie0
- Outcome
- quantitative resistance to FCRe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the identification and pyramiding of loci that confer quantitative resistance to FCR in wheat and barley.”
Claim · model-written summary
Host defence processes have been illuminated by transcriptome analyses.
Verbatim
e0“transcriptome analyses have revealed new insights into the processes involved in host defence.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Genomic analyses revealed novel virulence factors.
- Taxon
- cereal cropst0
- Interactor
- F. pseudograminearumFusarium pseudograminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- novel virulence factorse0
- Qualifier
- possibly acquired through horizontal gene transfere0
Verbatim
e0“The sequencing and comparative analyses of the F. pseudograminearum genome have revealed novel virulence factors, possibly acquired through horizontal gene transfer.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
A pathogen gene cluster involved in degrading wheat defence compounds was identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- conserved pathogen gene clustere0
- Outcome
- degradation of wheat defence compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a conserved pathogen gene cluster involved in the degradation of wheat defence compounds has been identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Deoxynivalenol has a reported role in pathogen virulence.
Verbatim
e0“a role for the trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) in pathogen virulence has been reported.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected seedlings may die before or after emergence.
Verbatim
e0“Infected seedlings can die before or after emergence.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection causes browning of coleoptile, internode, sheaths, stems and nodal tissue.
Verbatim
e0“typical disease symptoms are browning of the coleoptile, subcrown internode, lower leaf sheaths and adjacent stems and nodal tissues”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected plants may develop white heads with missing or shrivelled grains.
Verbatim
e0“Infected plants may develop white heads with no or shrivelled grains.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Water limitation exacerbates disease symptoms.
Verbatim
e0“Disease symptoms are exacerbated under water limitation.”
t0“cereal crops”
Claim · model-written summary
All major winter cereals can be colonized by the pathogen.
- Taxon
- winter cerealse0
- Interactor
- F. pseudograminearumFusarium pseudograminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonizede0
Verbatim
e0“All major winter cereals can be colonized by F. pseudograminearum.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bread wheat is among the main crops affected.
- Taxon
- bread (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- main impacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the main impact of this pathogen is on bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum (Dest.)) wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Durum wheat is among the main crops affected.
- Taxon
- durum (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum (Dest.)) wheat
Triticum turgidume0 - Outcome
- main impacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the main impact of this pathogen is on bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum (Dest.)) wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley is among the main crops affected.
- Taxon
- barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)Hordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- main impacte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the main impact of this pathogen is on bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum (Dest.)) wheat and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Oats can be infected with little or no symptoms.
- Taxon
- Oats (Avena sativa L.)
Avena sativae0 - Outcome
- little or no disease symptomse0
- Direction
- little or noe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oats (Avena sativa L.) can be infected, but show little or no disease symptoms.”
Claim · model-written summary
The pathogen has been isolated from Phalaris, Agropyron and Bromus.
- Outcome
- isolatede0
Bromus
Agropyron
PhalarisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pathogen has been isolated from various other grass genera, such as Phalaris, Agropyron and Bromus”