Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems, and are conspicuously influenced by various agricultural practices. To understand the impact of compost addition on AM fungi, we examined effect of four compost rates (0, 11.25, 22.5 and 45 Mg/ha) on the abundance and community composition of AM fungi in seedling, flowering and mature stage of soybean in a 1-year compost addition experiment system in Northeast China. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant. Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) levels of compost addition significantly increased AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal (ERH) density compared with control, whereas low (11.5 Mg/ha) level of compost addition did not cause significant increase in AM root colonization and ERH density. AM fungal spore density was significantly enhanced by all the compost rates compared with control. The temporal variations analysis revealed that, AM root colonization in seedling stage was significantly lower than in flowering and mature stage. Although AM fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and community composition was unaffected by compost addition, some abundant AM fungal species showed significant different response to compost addition. In mature stage, Rhizophagus fasciculatum showed increasing trend along with compost addition gradient, whereas, the opposite was observed with Paraglomus sp. In addition, AM fungal community composition exhibited significant temporal variation during growing season. Further analysis indicated that the temporal variation in AM fungal community only occurred in control treatment, but not in low, moderate and high level of compost addition treatments. Our findings highlighted the significant effects of compost addition on AM growth and sporulation, and emphasized that growth stage is a stronger determinant than 1-year compost addition in shaping AM fungal community in black soil of Northeast China.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) compost addition significantly increased AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal density in soybean relative to control.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxe2 - Treatment
- Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) levels of compost additione1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal (ERH) densitye1
- Direction
- significantly increasede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) levels of compost addition significantly increased AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal (ERH) density compared with control”
e2“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Low (11.5 Mg/ha) compost addition did not significantly increase AM root colonization or extraradical hyphal density in soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- low (11.5 Mg/ha) level of compost additione2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM root colonization and ERH densitye2
- Direction
- did not cause significant increasee2
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“whereas low (11.5 Mg/ha) level of compost addition did not cause significant increase in AM root colonization and ERH density”
e3“Moderate (22.5 Mg/ha) and high (45 Mg/ha) levels of compost addition significantly increased AM root colonization and extraradical hyphal (ERH) density compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
All compost rates significantly enhanced AM fungal spore density in soybean compared with control.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- all the compost ratese2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM fungal spore densitye2
- Direction
- significantly enhancede2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“AM fungal spore density was significantly enhanced by all the compost rates compared with control”
Claim · model-written summary
AM root colonization of soybean at the seedling stage was significantly lower than at flowering and mature stages.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- seedling stagee2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM root colonizatione2
- Direction
- significantly lowere2
- Comparator
- flowering and mature stagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“AM root colonization in seedling stage was significantly lower than in flowering and mature stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost addition did not change AM fungal OTU richness or community composition in soybean.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- compost additione2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and community compositione2
- Direction
- unaffectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“AM fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and community composition was unaffected by compost addition”
Claim · model-written summary
In mature soybean, Rhizophagus fasciculatum showed an increasing trend in abundance along the compost addition gradient.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- mature stagee2
- Treatment
- compost addition gradiente2
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus fasciculatume2symbiont
- Outcome
- response to compost additione1
- Direction
- increasing trende2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e1“some abundant AM fungal species showed significant different response to compost addition”
e2“In mature stage, Rhizophagus fasciculatum showed increasing trend along with compost addition gradient, whereas, the opposite was observed with Paraglomus sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
In mature soybean, Paraglomus sp. showed the opposite response to the compost addition gradient, decreasing along it.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- mature stagee2
- Treatment
- compost addition gradiente2
- Interactor
- Paraglomus sp.Paraglomuse2symbiont
- Outcome
- response to compost additione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e1“some abundant AM fungal species showed significant different response to compost addition”
e2“In mature stage, Rhizophagus fasciculatum showed increasing trend along with compost addition gradient, whereas, the opposite was observed with Paraglomus sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
AM fungal community composition in soybean varied significantly over the growing season.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM fungal community compositione2
- Qualifier
- significant temporal variation during growing seasone2
- Setting
- growing seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“AM fungal community composition exhibited significant temporal variation during growing season”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth stage was a stronger determinant of AM fungal community composition than one year of compost addition in black soil of Northeast China.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee2
- Treatment
- 1-year compost additione2
- Interactor
- Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungie0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM fungal communitye2
- Direction
- strongere2
- Setting
- black soil of Northeast Chinae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with most crop plant species in agricultural ecosystems”
e1“Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was used as test plant”
e2“emphasized that growth stage is a stronger determinant than 1-year compost addition in shaping AM fungal community in black soil of Northeast China”
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