Abstract
Seed inoculation with symbiotic bacteria is a commonly employed practice in soybean cultivation. As a result, nodulation proceeds properly and plants self-supply atmospheric nitrogen, requiring either minimal or no additional nitrogen fertilization. The aim of the study was to investigate the response of soybeans to the application of the recommended or double dose of commercial inoculants (HiStick® Soy or TURBOSOY®) and/or mineral nitrogen fertilization compared to the untreated control. It was demonstrated that a double dose of the tested preparations had the most favorable effect on nodulation. However, the impact of weather conditions modified their effectiveness during the study years, which was especially visible in 2022. Sowing seeds without inoculation (control) resulted in the formation of sparse root nodules and consequently the lowest leaf area index (LAI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements. In addition, the values of SPAD and LAI indices varied across the years of the study, indicating that weather conditions modified nitrogen uptake by plants. Overall, seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the chemical composition of seeds compared to the control. The only decrease observed was in the oil content, while the double dose of HiStick® Soy preparation reduced the polyphenol content. The double dose of the tested inoculants had the most favorable impact on yield components and seed yield. However, applying inoculation at the recommended dose or in combination with nitrogen fertilization yielded similar or slightly worse results, depending on the year. Therefore, soybean seed inoculation should be recommended, although the effectiveness of the procedure will depend on various factors, including the type of inoculant, dosage, nitrogen fertilization, and weather conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
A double dose of the tested inoculant preparations had the most favorable effect on soybean nodulation.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- double dose of the tested preparationse1
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicum
Bradyrhizobium japonicumt0symbiont - Outcome
- nodulatione1
- Direction
- most favorable effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e1“It was demonstrated that a double dose of the tested preparations had the most favorable effect on nodulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed sown without inoculation formed sparse root nodules.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium japonicumBradyrhizobium japonicumt0symbiont
- Outcome
- formation of sparse root nodulese2
- Qualifier
- Sowing seeds without inoculation (control)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e2“Sowing seeds without inoculation (control) resulted in the formation of sparse root nodules and consequently the lowest leaf area index (LAI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean seed sown without inoculation had the lowest LAI and SPAD measurements.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Sowing seeds without inoculatione2
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurementse2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e2“Sowing seeds without inoculation (control) resulted in the formation of sparse root nodules and consequently the lowest leaf area index (LAI) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD and LAI values varied across study years, indicating that weather conditions modified plant nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- values of SPAD and LAI indicese3
- Qualifier
- weather conditions modified nitrogen uptake by plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e3“the values of SPAD and LAI indices varied across the years of the study, indicating that weather conditions modified nitrogen uptake by plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Weather conditions modified the effectiveness of the inoculant preparations, especially in 2022.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- effectivenesse4
- Qualifier
- weather conditionse4
- Setting
- 2022e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e4“However, the impact of weather conditions modified their effectiveness during the study years, which was especially visible in 2022”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilization positively influenced seed chemical composition compared with the control.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- chemical composition of seedse5
- Direction
- positively influencede5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e5“Overall, seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the chemical composition of seeds compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilization decreased seed oil content, the only decrease observed.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilizatione5
- Outcome
- oil contente6
- Direction
- decreasee6
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e5“Overall, seed inoculation and/or nitrogen fertilization positively influenced the chemical composition of seeds compared to the control”
e6“The only decrease observed was in the oil content”
Claim · model-written summary
The double dose of HiStick Soy preparation reduced seed polyphenol content.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- double dose of HiStick® Soy preparatione7
- Outcome
- polyphenol contente7
- Direction
- reducede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e7“the double dose of HiStick® Soy preparation reduced the polyphenol content”
Claim · model-written summary
The double dose of the tested inoculants had the most favorable impact on soybean yield components and seed yield.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- double dose of the tested inoculantse1
- Outcome
- yield components and seed yielde1
- Direction
- most favorable impacte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e1“The double dose of the tested inoculants had the most favorable impact on yield components and seed yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation at the recommended dose, alone or with nitrogen fertilization, gave similar or slightly worse yield components and seed yield than the double dose, depending on the year.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- applying inoculation at the recommended dosee3
- Outcome
- yield components and seed yielde2
- Direction
- similar or slightly worsee3
- Comparator
- double dose of the tested inoculantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Soybean Response to Seed Inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum”
e2“The double dose of the tested inoculants had the most favorable impact on yield components and seed yield”
e3“applying inoculation at the recommended dose or in combination with nitrogen fertilization yielded similar or slightly worse results”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend soybean seed inoculation, with effectiveness depending on inoculant type, dose, nitrogen and weather.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Outcome
- seed inoculation should be recommendede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, soybean seed inoculation should be recommended”
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