Abstract
Botanicals are generally assumed to be more biodegradable, leading to less environmental problems. Combination of botanicals could enhance biological activity against insect pests. Hence, the amount of botanical used for the control of stored grain pests may be minimised. In this study, the bioassay was carried out on Sitophilus zeamais to assess the effectiveness of binary combinations of Hymenocardia acida wood ash and Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder. The quantities of mixed products were added to maize grains to constitute the contents of 5, 10, 20 and 40 g/kg. Then, the bioassays on toxicity within 1, 3, 7 and 14 days exposure, progeny production, population increase, grain damage and germination ability of protected grains were carried out. The major compounds (pinene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, thymol, β-myrcene and 3-carene) of P. glandulosus leaf powder were monoterpenes. The major non-monoterpenic constituent was an oxygenated sesquiterpene, β caryophyllene oxide. The chemical analysis of H. acida ash showed that calcium (5800 mg/kg) and phosphorus (2782 mg/kg) recorded higher content than the other minerals. Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult ( P < 0.0001). The higher mortality rate was achieved by the highest content within 14 days of exposure. The combinations of P. glandulosus leaf powder with H. acida at different proportions produced different interactions. The mixture of 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acida produced synergistic effect, whereas the mixture of 50:50 had antagonistic effect in weevil mortality. The three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosus significantly reduced the production of the progeny compared to the control. From the application of 5 g/kg (lowest content), the number of emerging adults was highly reduced. The combination 25PG75HA revealed to be more effective than the two other against F 1 production. The grain damage and population growth were significantly reduced. In general, the non-infested maize grain had a good germination rate than the infested ones. The treatment did not have negative effect on seed germination. From our results, the two powders and their binary combinations could be used to reduce grain infestation by insect while taking into account the proportions of insecticidal powders implied in the combination.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adults.
- Treatment
- Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ashe2
- Interactor
- S. zeamais
Sitophilus zeamaise2pest - Outcome
- mortality of S. zeamais adulte2
- Direction
- inducede2
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest content of the botanical mixtures gave a higher mortality rate of S. zeamais within 14 days of exposure.
- Treatment
- highest contente3
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- mortality ratee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- within 14 days of exposuree3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e3“The higher mortality rate was achieved by the highest content within 14 days of exposure”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture of 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acida had a synergistic effect on S. zeamais mortality.
- Treatment
- 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acidae4
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- weevil mortalitye4
- Direction
- synergistice4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e4“The mixture of 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acida produced synergistic effect, whereas the mixture of 50:50 had antagonistic effect in weevil mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
The 50:50 mixture of the botanicals had an antagonistic effect on S. zeamais mortality.
- Treatment
- mixture of 50:50e4
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- weevil mortalitye4
- Direction
- antagonistice4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e4“The mixture of 75% P. glandulosus and 25% H. acida produced synergistic effect, whereas the mixture of 50:50 had antagonistic effect in weevil mortality”
Claim · model-written summary
The three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosus significantly reduced progeny production compared with the control.
- Treatment
- three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosuse5
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- the production of the progenye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Comparator
- the controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e5“The three combinations of H. acida and P. glandulosus significantly reduced the production of the progeny compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 5 g/kg of the botanical mixtures highly reduced the number of emerging S. zeamais adults.
- Treatment
- 5 g/kge6
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- the number of emerging adultse6
- Direction
- highly reducede6
- Qualifier
- lowest contente6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e6“From the application of 5 g/kg (lowest content), the number of emerging adults was highly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination 25PG75HA was more effective than the two other combinations against F1 production of S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- 25PG75HAe7
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- F 1 productione7
- Direction
- more effectivee7
- Comparator
- the two othere7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e7“The combination 25PG75HA revealed to be more effective than the two other against F 1 production”
Claim · model-written summary
The botanical treatments significantly reduced grain damage and population growth of S. zeamais.
- Treatment
- Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ashe2
- Interactor
- S. zeamaisSitophilus zeamaise2pest
- Outcome
- grain damage and population growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e2“Plectranthus glandulosus leaf powder, H. acida wood ash and their binary combinations significantly induced mortality of S. zeamais adult”
e0“The grain damage and population growth were significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-infested maize grain had a better germination rate than infested grain.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, the non-infested maize grain had a good germination rate than the infested ones”
Claim · model-written summary
The botanical treatment did not have a negative effect on seed germination of maize.
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e0“The treatment did not have negative effect on seed germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The two powders and their binary combinations could be used to reduce grain infestation by insects.
- Outcome
- reduce grain infestation by insecte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“were added to maize grains”
e0“could be used to reduce grain infestation by insect”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium content of H. acida wood ash was 5800 mg/kg, higher than the other minerals.
- Taxon
- H. acida
.jpg?width=60)
Hymenocardia acidae0 - Outcome
- calciume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5800 mg/kge0
- Comparator
- the other mineralse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The chemical analysis of H. acida ash showed that calcium (5800 mg/kg) and phosphorus (2782 mg/kg) recorded higher content than the other minerals”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus content of H. acida wood ash was 2782 mg/kg, higher than the other minerals.
- Taxon
- H. acidaHymenocardia acidae0
- Outcome
- phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2782 mg/kge0
- Comparator
- the other mineralse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The chemical analysis of H. acida ash showed that calcium (5800 mg/kg) and phosphorus (2782 mg/kg) recorded higher content than the other minerals”
Claim · model-written summary
The major compounds of P. glandulosus leaf powder were monoterpenes.
- Taxon
- P. glandulosusEquilabium glandulosume0
- Outcome
- major compoundse0
- Qualifier
- monoterpenese0
Verbatim
e0“The major compounds (pinene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, thymol, β-myrcene and 3-carene) of P. glandulosus leaf powder were monoterpenes”
Claim · model-written summary
The major non-monoterpenic constituent of P. glandulosus leaf powder was an oxygenated sesquiterpene.
- Taxon
- P. glandulosusEquilabium glandulosume0
- Outcome
- major non-monoterpenic constituente6
- Qualifier
- oxygenated sesquiterpenee6
Verbatim
e0“The major compounds (pinene, α-pinene, α-terpineol, thymol, β-myrcene and 3-carene) of P. glandulosus leaf powder were monoterpenes”
e6“The major non-monoterpenic constituent was an oxygenated sesquiterpene, β caryophyllene oxide”
The same questions in other papers
Hymenocardia acida · Sitophilus zeamais · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Equilabium glandulosum · Sitophilus zeamais · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
botanical · Sitophilus zeamais · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
112 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
113 papers more in this group
See all 117 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.