Abstract
The use of winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) in dairy-cropping systems has expanded greatly in recent years, partly because of its value as a forage crop but also to improve land stewardship by providing winter ground cover. Our objectives were to use 2-pool and 3-pool nonlinear models to characterize in vitro disappearance of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and then describe the relationship between estimated parameters from those models with plant growth stage or growing degree days (GDD) >5C for winter triticale forages harvested during 2016 and 2017 in Marshfield, Wisconsin. Forages were harvested from replicated field plots each year at growth stages ranging from stem elongation to soft dough. All NDF analyses included use of sodium sulfite and heat-stable -amylase with residual fiber corrected for contaminant ash (asNDFom). Nonlinear 3-pool models for in vitro disappearance of asNDFom that included fast (Bfast) and slow (Bslow) disappearance pools as well as an associated disappearance rate for each (K d fast and K d slow, respectively) were easily fitted provided that a single discrete lag time was applied to both Bfast and Bslow pools to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated. An unresolved issue related to fitting 3-pool decay models was the incomplete recovery of asNDFom from immature triticale forages at 0 h, which was partially resolved with 2 approaches that produced similar estimates of K d fast and K d slow. Most parameters obtained from 2-and 3-pool decay models for asNDFom could be related to growth stage or GDD using polynomial regression techniques, often with high coefficients of determination (R 2 ). For 3-pool models of asNDFom disappearance, Bslow increased with plant maturity, but the associated K d slow ranged narrowly from 0.011 to 0.015/h and could not be related to growth stage or GDD by quartic, cubic, quadratic, or linear regression models. Despite different cultivars coupled with substantial differences in precipitation across years, single endpoint estimates of in vitro disappearance of asNDFom after 24, 30, or 48 h of incubation were closely related (R 2 0.906) to growth stage and GDD by linear or quadratic regression models that were generally similar across production years. Typical recommendations for harvesting triticale at boot stage to facilitate the planting of a double crop are strongly supported by the extensive 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFom at that growth stage, which was 63.1 and 64.8% of asNDFom during 2016 and 2017, respectively.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Three-pool fiber disappearance models were easily fitted when fast and slow pools shared one discrete lag time.
- Taxon
- triticale
×Triticosecalet0 - Outcome
- easily fittede0
- Qualifier
- a single discrete lag time was applied to both Bfast and Bslow poolse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nonlinear 3-pool models for in vitro disappearance of asNDFom that included fast (Bfast) and slow (Bslow) disappearance pools as well as an associated disappearance rate for each (K d fast and K d slow, respectively) were easily fitted provided that a single discrete lag time was applied to both Bfast and Bslow pools to reduce the number of parameters to be estimated”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Immature triticale forage had incomplete asNDFom recovery at zero hours.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- incomplete recovery of asNDFome0
- Qualifier
- at 0 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the incomplete recovery of asNDFom from immature triticale forages at 0 h”
Claim · model-written summary
Two approaches partially resolved incomplete recovery and produced similar estimates of fast and slow disappearance rates.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Outcome
- similar estimates of K d fast and K d slowe0
- Direction
- partially resolvede0
- Value
- 2 approachese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was partially resolved with 2 approaches that produced similar estimates of K d fast and K d slow”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Most two- and three-pool model parameters related to growth stage or GDD through polynomial regression, often with high coefficients of determination.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Outcome
- parameters obtained from 2-and 3-pool decay models for asNDFome0
- Qualifier
- often with high coefficients of determinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most parameters obtained from 2-and 3-pool decay models for asNDFom could be related to growth stage or GDD using polynomial regression techniques, often with high coefficients of determination (R 2 )”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
The slow disappearance pool increased with triticale maturity.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- plant maturitye0
- Outcome
- Bslowe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bslow increased with plant maturity”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
The slow disappearance rate ranged from 0.011 to 0.015/h and could not be related to growth stage or GDD by the tested regressions.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Outcome
- K d slowe0
- Value
- 0.011 to 0.015/he0
- Qualifier
- could not be relatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the associated K d slow ranged narrowly from 0.011 to 0.015/h and could not be related to growth stage or GDD by quartic, cubic, quadratic, or linear regression models”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Fiber disappearance endpoints after 24, 30, or 48 hours closely related to growth stage and GDD with generally similar regression models across years.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Organ / stage
- growth stagee0
- Outcome
- in vitro disappearance of asNDFome0
- Value
- R 2 0.906e0
- Qualifier
- after 24, 30, or 48 h of incubatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“single endpoint estimates of in vitro disappearance of asNDFom after 24, 30, or 48 h of incubation were closely related (R 2 0.906) to growth stage and GDD by linear or quadratic regression models that were generally similar across production years”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Boot-stage forage had 63.1% 30-hour fiber disappearance in 2016.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee1
- Organ / stage
- boot stagee1
- Outcome
- 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFome0
- Value
- 63.1e0
- Qualifier
- 2016e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extensive 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFom at that growth stage, which was 63.1 and 64.8% of asNDFom during 2016 and 2017, respectively”
e1“harvesting triticale at boot stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Boot-stage forage had 64.8% 30-hour fiber disappearance in 2017.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee1
- Organ / stage
- boot stagee1
- Outcome
- 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFome0
- Value
- 64.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 2017e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the extensive 30-h in vitro disappearance of asNDFom at that growth stage, which was 63.1 and 64.8% of asNDFom during 2016 and 2017, respectively”
e1“harvesting triticale at boot stage”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors support harvesting triticale at boot stage to enable a double crop.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Outcome
- harvesting triticale at boot stagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Typical recommendations for harvesting triticale at boot stage to facilitate the planting of a double crop are strongly supported”