Abstract
Overwintering sites and winter-management of the common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, a serious pest of the cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus, were surveyed in pistachio orchards in Rafsanjan, south Iran, through 2010 and 2012. Agonoscena pistaciae overwinters within orchards, preferentially concealed under organic material on the ground. Plant litter, including old pistachio leaves and weed residue such as dead grass, supported the greatest numbers of adult psyllids during the late autumn through early spring. Emergence began in late February and lasted for about 50 days. The number of psyllids that emerged from fallen dead leaves mixed with weed residue was about 15 times greater than the number of psyllids that emerged from bare ground. This result verified the suggestion that A. pistaciae might be controlled whilst overwintering. Winter ploughing of the orchard floor caused a significant reduction in the density of the psyllid population. Orchard sanitation, such as the removal and burial of any organic materials left at orchard’s margins between late December and late February is also considered critical for the cultural control of A. pistaciae. Cultural control measures at this time can be a very useful method for reducing overwintering populations of this psyllid.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Pistachio psyllids overwintered within orchards under ground organic material.
- Taxon
- Pistacia vera
Pistacia verae1 - Interactor
- Agonoscena pistaciaeAgonoscena pistaciaee0pest
- Outcome
- overwinters within orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Agonoscena pistaciae overwinters within orchards, preferentially concealed under organic material on the ground.”
e1“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”
Claim · model-written summary
Old pistachio leaves and dead grass litter supported the greatest numbers of adult psyllids from late autumn to early spring.
- Taxon
- Pistacia veraPistacia verae1
- Organ / stage
- old pistachio leavese0
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of adult psyllidse0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant litter, including old pistachio leaves and weed residue such as dead grass, supported the greatest numbers of adult psyllids during the late autumn through early spring.”
e1“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”
Claim · model-written summary
Psyllid emergence began in late February and lasted about 50 days.
- Taxon
- Pistacia veraPistacia verae2
- Interactor
- Agonoscena pistaciaeAgonoscena pistaciaee1pest
- Outcome
- Emergencee0
- Value
- about 50 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Emergence began in late February and lasted for about 50 days.”
e1“Agonoscena pistaciae overwinters within orchards”
e2“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”
Claim · model-written summary
About 15 times more psyllids emerged from dead leaves mixed with weed residue than from bare ground.
- Taxon
- Pistacia veraPistacia verae1
- Interactor
- psyllidsPsylloideae0pest
- Outcome
- number of psyllidse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- about 15 timese0
- Comparator
- bare grounde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of psyllids that emerged from fallen dead leaves mixed with weed residue was about 15 times greater than the number of psyllids that emerged from bare ground.”
e1“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter ploughing significantly reduced psyllid population density.
- Taxon
- Pistacia veraPistacia verae1
- Treatment
- Winter ploughing of the orchard floore0
- Interactor
- psyllide0pest
- Outcome
- density of the psyllid populatione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Winter ploughing of the orchard floor caused a significant reduction in the density of the psyllid population.”
e1“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend removing and burying organic material at orchard margins between late December and late February for psyllid control.
- Taxon
- Pistacia veraPistacia verae1
- Treatment
- removal and burial of any organic materialse0
- Interactor
- A. pistaciaeAgonoscena pistaciaee0pest
- Outcome
- cultural control of A. pistaciaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Orchard sanitation, such as the removal and burial of any organic materials left at orchard’s margins between late December and late February is also considered critical for the cultural control of A. pistaciae.”
e1“cultivated pistachio Pistacia vera Linnaeus”