Abstract
Leaf rust is responsible for most economically important wheat disease with yield losses. Growers usually use fungicides once or twice a year to control wheat leaf rust in Iran (Khuzestan Province). The purpose of the present study was to determine profit obtained from using propiconazole in five local winter wheat cultivars with different resistance level, including Chamran 2, Star, Ofogh, Kavir, and Boolani against wheat leaf rust in 2015–16 and 2016–17. The experiment was performed in five treatments. The first was the application of fungicide as soon as the symptoms were observed. In the second, third, and fourth treatments the fungicide application was after one, two, and three weeks of the symptom appearance, respectively. In the fifth one, there was no spraying and disease was left to develop to its final severity. The price of the fungicide and spraying cost were obtained by evaluations via three representatives of pesticides sale. In the 2015–16 growing year the net return in cv. Chamran 2 in the first treatment (growth stage GS 53) was $236 ha−1. In Star and Ofogh, except for treatment 1 and 2, a significant difference was observed for all treatments (P < 0.05) and the net return were $193–$619 ha−1 and $82–$311 ha−1, respectively. In Boolani and Kavir cultivars depending on the treatments, $291–$948 h−1 and $328–$829 ha−1 were obtained, respectively. In 2016–17 growing year in cv. Chamran 2 the net return amounted to $153–$226 ha−1. The net returns in different treatments of the Star and Ofogh cultivars were $228–$568 ha−1 and $-2–$342 ha−1, respectively. The net returns in Boolani and Kavir cultivars were high and reached to $700 ha−1. Depending on the resistance of cultivars, for each one $ cost for using fungicides, $12–$59 ha−1 profit was gained. There was a higher yield increase in 2016–17 than 2015–16; however, due to low wheat price ($0.36 per kg in 2016 and $0.32 per kg in 2017), the net return in 2017 was less than 2016. Results showed that the best times to control of wheat leaf rust are growth stages GS41- GS60.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015-16, the net return in cv. Chamran 2 with fungicide applied at first symptoms (GS 53) was $236 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Chamran 2e0
- Treatment
- first treatment (growth stage GS 53)e0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Value
- $236 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2015–16 growing yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the 2015–16 growing year the net return in cv. Chamran 2 in the first treatment (growth stage GS 53) was $236 ha−1”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015-16, in cv. Star net returns were $193-$619 ha-1, with significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments except treatments 1 and 2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stare0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Value
- $193–$619 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- except for treatment 1 and 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Star and Ofogh, except for treatment 1 and 2, a significant difference was observed for all treatments (P < 0.05) and the net return were $193–$619 ha−1 and $82–$311 ha−1, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015-16, in cv. Ofogh net returns were $82-$311 ha-1, with significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments except treatments 1 and 2.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ofoghe0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Value
- $82–$311 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- except for treatment 1 and 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Star and Ofogh, except for treatment 1 and 2, a significant difference was observed for all treatments (P < 0.05) and the net return were $193–$619 ha−1 and $82–$311 ha−1, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015-16, cv. Boolani net returns were $291-$948 per hectare depending on treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Boolanie0
- Outcome
- obtainede0
- Value
- $291–$948 h−1e0
- Qualifier
- depending on the treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Boolani and Kavir cultivars depending on the treatments, $291–$948 h−1 and $328–$829 ha−1 were obtained, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015-16, cv. Kavir net returns were $328-$829 ha-1 depending on treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Kavire0
- Outcome
- obtainede0
- Value
- $328–$829 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- depending on the treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Boolani and Kavir cultivars depending on the treatments, $291–$948 h−1 and $328–$829 ha−1 were obtained, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016-17, the net return in cv. Chamran 2 amounted to $153-$226 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Chamran 2e0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Value
- $153–$226 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2016–17 growing yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2016–17 growing year in cv. Chamran 2 the net return amounted to $153–$226 ha−1”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016-17, net returns of cv. Star across treatments were $228-$568 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Stare0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- $228–$568 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns in different treatments of the Star and Ofogh cultivars were $228–$568 ha−1 and $-2–$342 ha−1, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016-17, net returns of cv. Ofogh across treatments were $-2-$342 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Ofoghe0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Value
- $-2–$342 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns in different treatments of the Star and Ofogh cultivars were $228–$568 ha−1 and $-2–$342 ha−1, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016-17, net returns of cv. Boolani were high and reached $700 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Boolanie0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- $700 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns in Boolani and Kavir cultivars were high and reached to $700 ha−1”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2016-17, net returns of cv. Kavir were high and reached $700 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Kavire0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- $700 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net returns in Boolani and Kavir cultivars were high and reached to $700 ha−1”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Depending on cultivar resistance, each dollar spent on fungicides returned a profit of $12-$59 ha-1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- profite0
- Direction
- gainede0
- Value
- $12–$59 ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- Depending on the resistance of cultivarse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depending on the resistance of cultivars, for each one $ cost for using fungicides, $12–$59 ha−1 profit was gained”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increase from fungicide was higher in 2016-17 than in 2015-16.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- 2016–17 than 2015–16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a higher yield increase in 2016–17 than 2015–16”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Because of the low wheat price ($0.36 per kg in 2016, $0.32 per kg in 2017), the net return in 2017 was less than in 2016.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- low wheat price ($0.36 per kg in 2016 and $0.32 per kg in 2017)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“due to low wheat price ($0.36 per kg in 2016 and $0.32 per kg in 2017), the net return in 2017 was less than 2016”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend controlling wheat leaf rust at growth stages GS41-GS60.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- wheat leaf rust
Puccinia triticinae0pathogen - Outcome
- best times to control of wheat leaf ruste0
- Value
- GS41- GS60e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the best times to control of wheat leaf rust are growth stages GS41- GS60”
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