Abstract
Foliar diseases of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) can reduce grain yield and kernel size. Foliar fungicides can reduce foliar disease losses, but effectiveness depends on rate and timing of application, environment, and cultivar response. These studies were conducted to determine the efficacy and economic feasibility of foliar applied fungicides for winter wheat. Field studies to determine effects of three to seven fungicide treatments on winter wheat grain yield, disease ratings, test weight, kernel weight, plant height, and lodging were conducted in six Wisconsin environments on two cultivars. Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%, increased kernel weight resulting in a decrease of 500 to 2400 kernels/lb, and increased grain yield from 9.5 to 36.3 bu/acre in environment 1 which had cool, moist weather that was conducive to disease development. Environments 2 to 6 had warmer, dryer conditions and, subsequently, less disease, but fungicides significantly reduced disease in these environments, increased kernel weight, in environments 2 and 5, and increased grain yield in environments 2 and 6. Propiconazole (1‐{[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3 dioxolan‐2‐yl]methyl}‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole), trade name Tilt, applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 37 (flag leaf emergence) resulted in economic returns from grain yield in five and two of the environments for ‘Caldwell’ and ‘Argee’, respectively. Mancozeb (a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate), trade names Dithane M‐45, Manzate 200, Penncozeb, etc.) applied at GS 37 and 50 (head emergence) produced economic returns in four and two of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively. Triadimefon, [1‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐(1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐2‐buanone], trade name Bayleton, applied at GS 37 gave economic returns in only three and one of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively, because cost limited its economic benefits. Fungicides may give growers increased economic returns, however that probability is improved when differences in fungicide performance, cultivar disease reaction, and environmental conditions are considered.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides reduced disease ratings up to 78%.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Fungicidese0
- Outcome
- disease ratingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides increased kernel weight in the first environment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fungicidese2
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 500 to 2400 kernels/lbe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased kernel weight resulting in a decrease of 500 to 2400 kernels/lb”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“Field studies to determine effects of three to seven fungicide treatments on winter wheat grain yield, disease ratings, test weight, kernel weight, plant height, and lodging were conducted in six Wisconsin environments on two cultivars.”
e2“Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides increased yield to 9.5 to 36.3 bu/acre in environment 1.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fungicidese2
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.5 to 36.3 bu/acree0
- Setting
- environment 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased grain yield from 9.5 to 36.3 bu/acre in environment 1”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“Field studies to determine effects of three to seven fungicide treatments on winter wheat grain yield, disease ratings, test weight, kernel weight, plant height, and lodging were conducted in six Wisconsin environments on two cultivars.”
e2“Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides significantly reduced disease in environments 2 to 6.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidese0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides significantly reduced disease in these environments”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides increased kernel weight in environments 2 and 5.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidese2
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- environments 2 and 5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased kernel weight, in environments 2 and 5”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“Field studies to determine effects of three to seven fungicide treatments on winter wheat grain yield, disease ratings, test weight, kernel weight, plant height, and lodging were conducted in six Wisconsin environments on two cultivars.”
e2“Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides increased grain yield in environments 2 and 6.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicidese2
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- environments 2 and 6e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased grain yield in environments 2 and 6”
t0“winter wheat”
e1“Field studies to determine effects of three to seven fungicide treatments on winter wheat grain yield, disease ratings, test weight, kernel weight, plant height, and lodging were conducted in six Wisconsin environments on two cultivars.”
e2“Fungicides reduced disease ratings as much as 78%”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole returned profit in five environments for Caldwell.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Caldwelle0
- Treatment
- Propiconazolee0
- Outcome
- economic returns from grain yielde0
- Value
- fivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Propiconazole (1‐{[2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐propyl‐1,3 dioxolan‐2‐yl]methyl}‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole), trade name Tilt, applied at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 37 (flag leaf emergence) resulted in economic returns from grain yield in five and two of the environments for ‘Caldwell’ and ‘Argee’, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole returned profit in two environments for Argee.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Argeee0
- Outcome
- economic returns from grain yielde0
- Value
- twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in economic returns from grain yield in five and two of the environments for ‘Caldwell’ and ‘Argee’, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb returned profit in four environments for Caldwell.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Caldwelle0
- Treatment
- Mancozebe0
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mancozeb (a coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate), trade names Dithane M‐45, Manzate 200, Penncozeb, etc.) applied at GS 37 and 50 (head emergence) produced economic returns in four and two of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb returned profit in two environments for Argee.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Argeee0
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- twoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“produced economic returns in four and two of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Triadimefon returned profit in three environments for Caldwell.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Caldwelle0
- Treatment
- Triadimefone0
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- threee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triadimefon, [1‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐(1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐2‐buanone], trade name Bayleton, applied at GS 37 gave economic returns in only three and one of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Triadimefon returned profit in one environment for Argee.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Argeee0
- Outcome
- economic returnse0
- Value
- onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gave economic returns in only three and one of the environments for Caldwell and Argee, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
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