Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, results of research related to the bioconcentration of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca in shoots of 20 species of herbaceous plants growing along three headwater streams in northern Poland are presented. Shoots of plants and water samples from streams were taken three times during growing seasons in the period between 2012 and 2014. Concentrations of nutrients in plants represented substantial diversity depending on species, sampling period, and the stream. Based on the results, it was found that many plant species take up nutrients in quantities exceeding their physiological demand, which makes them usable in water purification. Potassium (8,118–42,314), nitrogen (11,716–41,645), and phosphorus (11,607–37,459) had the highest levels of bioconcentration factors (BF). Lower values of BF referred to magnesium (1,161–2,973) and calcium (85–393). Results of Kruskall–Wallis test showed significant statistical differences in values of BF between examined plant species in reference to all analysed nutrients, depending on the stream. The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of Filipendula ulmaria, Athyrium filix-femina, and Ranunculus acris; Veronica beccabunga, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, and Epilobium palustre; Veronica beccabunga, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysosplenium alternifolium; Filipendula ulmaria, Stellaria nemorum, and Epilobium palustre; and Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Geranium robertianum, and Cardamine amara, respectively. Keywords: Macroelements; Bioconcentration factors; Principal components analysis; Hierarchical cluster analysis; Water purification
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient concentrations in the herbaceous plants differed substantially depending on species, sampling period and stream.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Concentrations of nutrients in plants represented substantial diversity depending on species, sampling period, and the stream”
Claim · model-written summary
Many plant species take up nutrients in quantities exceeding their physiological demand, making them usable in water purification.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“many plant species take up nutrients in quantities exceeding their physiological demand, which makes them usable in water purification”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium had one of the highest bioconcentration factors in the shoots, 8,118–42,314.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Potassium (8,118–42,314), nitrogen (11,716–41,645), and phosphorus (11,607–37,459) had the highest levels of bioconcentration factors (BF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen had one of the highest bioconcentration factors in the shoots, 11,716–41,645.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Potassium (8,118–42,314), nitrogen (11,716–41,645), and phosphorus (11,607–37,459) had the highest levels of bioconcentration factors (BF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus had one of the highest bioconcentration factors in the shoots, 11,607–37,459.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Potassium (8,118–42,314), nitrogen (11,716–41,645), and phosphorus (11,607–37,459) had the highest levels of bioconcentration factors (BF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium had lower bioconcentration factors in the shoots, 1,161–2,973.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Lower values of BF referred to magnesium (1,161–2,973) and calcium (85–393)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium had lower bioconcentration factors in the shoots, 85–393.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Lower values of BF referred to magnesium (1,161–2,973) and calcium (85–393)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioconcentration factors differed significantly between the examined plant species for all analysed nutrients, depending on the stream (Kruskal-Wallis test).
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“Results of Kruskall–Wallis test showed significant statistical differences in values of BF between examined plant species in reference to all analysed nutrients, depending on the stream”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot bioconcentration factor for N was found in Filipendula ulmaria, Athyrium filix-femina and Ranunculus acris.
- Taxon
- Filipendula ulmaria, Athyrium filix-femina, and Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus acris
Athyrium filix-femina.jpg?width=60)
Filipendula ulmariae1 - Compound
- Ne0
- Outcome
- BFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of”
e1“Filipendula ulmaria, Athyrium filix-femina, and Ranunculus acris”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot bioconcentration factor for P was found in Veronica beccabunga, Chrysosplenium alternifolium and Epilobium palustre.
- Taxon
- Veronica beccabunga, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, and Epilobium palustre
Chrysosplenium alternifolium
Veronica beccabunga
Epilobium palustree1 - Compound
- Pe0
- Outcome
- BFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of”
e1“Veronica beccabunga, Chrysosplenium alternifolium, and Epilobium palustre”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot bioconcentration factor for K was found in Veronica beccabunga, Ranunculus acris and Chrysosplenium alternifolium.
- Taxon
- Veronica beccabunga, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysosplenium alternifoliumRanunculus acrisChrysosplenium alternifoliumVeronica beccabungae1
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- BFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of”
e1“Veronica beccabunga, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysosplenium alternifolium”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot bioconcentration factor for Mg was found in Filipendula ulmaria, Stellaria nemorum and Epilobium palustre.
- Taxon
- Filipendula ulmaria, Stellaria nemorum, and Epilobium palustreFilipendula ulmaria
Stellaria nemorumEpilobium palustree1 - Compound
- Mge0
- Outcome
- BFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of”
e1“Filipendula ulmaria, Stellaria nemorum, and Epilobium palustre”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest shoot bioconcentration factor for Ca was found in Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Geranium robertianum and Cardamine amara.
- Taxon
- Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Geranium robertianum, and Cardamine amara
Cardamine amaraChrysosplenium alternifolium_Geranium_robertianum_-_blossom_and_bud.jpg?width=60)
Geranium robertianume1 - Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- BFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Geranium_robertianum_-_blossom_and_bud.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“20 species of herbaceous plants”
e0“The highest value of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca BF were found in shoots of”
e1“Chrysosplenium alternifolium, Geranium robertianum, and Cardamine amara”