Abstract
AIMS: To explore if and how symbiotic Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system influences below-ground straw decomposition and then nitrogen(N) transformation in response to environmental N levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: Litter bag experiments were utilized to trace the decay process during rice growth phases (seedling (T1), tillering (T2), heading (T3) and maturing (T4) stage), with (E+) and without endophyte (E-), under low (LN), medium (MN) and high nitrogen (HN) supply. Litter, soil and plant samples were collected to evaluate the decay process, N transformations, plant quality and relative abundance of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and P. liquidambari. The results showed that straw decomposition increased by 19·76% (LN, T2 stage), 14·05% (MN, T3 stage) and 16·88% (MN, T4 stage) in E+ pots when compared with E- pots. Further analysis revealed that no significant endophyte × N interaction was found for straw decay rate and that the decay rate was reduced by a higher N supply (LN, 37·16 ± 0·65%; MN, 32·27 ± 1·72%; HN, 29·44 ± 1·22%) at the T1 stage, whereas straw decay rate and N release increased by 9·38 and 11·16%, respectively, mainly by endophyte colonization at the T4 stage. The abundance of AOA and AOB were altered, corresponding with the decay rate. Soil mineral N, straw mineral N and plant quality were shown to increase in E+ pots, depending on environmental N conditions and growth phase. The yield increased by 2·98% for E+ plants under MN level. CONCLUSIONS: Symbiotic P. liquidambari-rice system promoted below-ground straw decomposition and N transformation, depending on environmental N levels and plant growth phase. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides evidence that fungal endophyte-plant systems are able to promote N transformation by increasing straw decomposition. A reasonable combination of N inputs could enhance its advantage in agriculture ecosystems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte-containing pots had 19·76% more straw decomposition at low nitrogen during tillering than pots without endophyte.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- E+ potse1
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw decompositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 19·76%e0
- Qualifier
- LN, T2 stagee0
- Comparator
- E- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw decomposition increased by 19·76% (LN, T2 stage)”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
e1“in E+ pots when compared with E- pots”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte-containing pots had 14·05% more straw decomposition at medium nitrogen during heading.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- E+ potse0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw decompositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14·05%e0
- Qualifier
- MN, T3 stagee0
- Comparator
- E- potse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw decomposition increased by 19·76% (LN, T2 stage), 14·05% (MN, T3 stage) and 16·88% (MN, T4 stage) in E+ pots when compared with E- pots.”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte-containing pots had 16·88% more straw decomposition at medium nitrogen during maturation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- E+ potse0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw decompositione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16·88%e0
- Qualifier
- MN, T4 stagee0
- Comparator
- E- potse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw decomposition increased by 19·76% (LN, T2 stage), 14·05% (MN, T3 stage) and 16·88% (MN, T4 stage) in E+ pots when compared with E- pots.”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
Claim · model-written summary
No significant endophyte-by-nitrogen interaction was found for straw decay rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw decay ratee0
- Direction
- no significante0
- Qualifier
- endophyte × N interactione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant endophyte × N interaction was found for straw decay rate”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher nitrogen supply reduced straw decay rate at the seedling stage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- higher N supplye0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- decay ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at the T1 stagee0
- Comparator
- LNe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decay rate was reduced by a higher N supply (LN, 37·16 ± 0·65%; MN, 32·27 ± 1·72%; HN, 29·44 ± 1·22%) at the T1 stage”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte colonization increased straw decay rate by 9·38% at maturation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- endophyte colonizatione0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- straw decay ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9·38e0
- Qualifier
- at the T4 stagee0
- Comparator
- E- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw decay rate and N release increased by 9·38 and 11·16%, respectively, mainly by endophyte colonization at the T4 stage”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
e1“in E+ pots when compared with E- pots”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte colonization increased nitrogen release by 11·16% at maturation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- endophyte colonizatione0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- N releasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11·16%e0
- Qualifier
- at the T4 stagee0
- Comparator
- E- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw decay rate and N release increased by 9·38 and 11·16%, respectively, mainly by endophyte colonization at the T4 stage”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
e1“in E+ pots when compared with E- pots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil ammonia-oxidizer abundance changed in correspondence with decay rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- The abundance of AOA and AOBe0
- Direction
- alterede0
- Qualifier
- corresponding with the decay ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of AOA and AOB were altered, corresponding with the decay rate.”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte-containing pots had higher soil mineral nitrogen, straw mineral nitrogen, and plant quality depending on nitrogen and growth phase.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- E+ potse0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- Soil mineral N, straw mineral N and plant qualitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- depending on environmental N conditions and growth phasee0
- Comparator
- E- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil mineral N, straw mineral N and plant quality were shown to increase in E+ pots, depending on environmental N conditions and growth phase.”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
e1“in E+ pots when compared with E- pots”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increased by 2·98% in endophyte-containing plants at medium nitrogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- E+ plantse0
- Interactor
- Phomopsis liquidambarit0symbiont
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2·98%e0
- Qualifier
- under MN levele0
- Comparator
- E- potse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield increased by 2·98% for E+ plants under MN level.”
t0“Phomopsis liquidambari-rice system”
e1“in E+ pots when compared with E- pots”
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