Abstract
The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years. Here, we experimentally investigated the role of fresh dead wood in the epidemiology of chestnut blight, specifically in the spread of the hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1, which acts as biocontrol agent of C. parasitica. A total of 152 artificially initiated, virulent bark cankers in four chestnut stands were treated with virus-infected asexual spores originating either from sporulating dead wood or from a spore suspension. Molecular markers for both the virus and the fungal carrier were used to examine the spread of the applied biocontrol virus. Fourteen months after treatment, 42 to 76% of the conidial spray-treated cankers and 50 to 60% of the cankers exposed to a sporulating dead stem had been virus infected by the applied hypovirulent conidia in all four study sites. Virus infection reduced canker expansion and promoted canker healing (callusing). Thus, fresh chestnut dead wood may play an important role in supporting the successful spread of natural hypovirulence in chestnut forests. Further, combined with the application of virus-infected conidial suspensions, it may help promote the establishment of artificially released hypoviruses in chestnut stands to control chestnut blight.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Cryphonectria parasitica survived and sporulated on bark of fresh dead chestnut wood for at least 2 years.
- Taxon
- Castanea sativa
_(45032673662).jpg?width=60)
Castanea sativae1 - Interactor
- Cryphonectria parasitica
Cryphonectria parasiticae1pathogen - Outcome
- survive and sporulatee1
- Qualifier
- for at least 2 yearse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(45032673662).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Of spray-treated cankers, 42 to 76% were infected by applied hypovirulent conidia after fourteen months.
- Taxon
- Castanea sativaCastanea sativae1
- Treatment
- conidial spray-treated cankerse2
- Interactor
- C. parasiticaCryphonectria parasiticae3pathogen
- Second interactor
- Cryphonectria hypovirus 1Cryphonectria hypovirus 1e3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- virus infectede2
- Value
- 42 to 76%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years”
e2“Fourteen months after treatment, 42 to 76% of the conidial spray-treated cankers and 50 to 60% of the cankers exposed to a sporulating dead stem had been virus infected by the applied hypovirulent conidia in all four study sites”
e3“the hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1, which acts as biocontrol agent of C. parasitica”
Claim · model-written summary
Of cankers exposed to a sporulating dead stem, 50 to 60% were infected by the applied hypovirulent conidia after fourteen months.
- Taxon
- Castanea sativaCastanea sativae1
- Treatment
- cankers exposed to a sporulating dead steme2
- Interactor
- C. parasiticaCryphonectria parasiticae3pathogen
- Second interactor
- Cryphonectria hypovirus 1Cryphonectria hypovirus 1e3biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- virus infectede2
- Value
- 50 to 60%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years”
e2“Fourteen months after treatment, 42 to 76% of the conidial spray-treated cankers and 50 to 60% of the cankers exposed to a sporulating dead stem had been virus infected by the applied hypovirulent conidia in all four study sites”
e3“the hyperparasitic virus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1, which acts as biocontrol agent of C. parasitica”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus infection reduced canker expansion.
- Taxon
- Castanea sativaCastanea sativae1
- Treatment
- Virus infectione4
- Outcome
- canker expansione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years”
e4“Virus infection reduced canker expansion and promoted canker healing (callusing)”
Claim · model-written summary
Virus infection promoted canker healing (callusing).
- Taxon
- Castanea sativaCastanea sativae1
- Treatment
- Virus infectione4
- Outcome
- canker healing (callusing)e4
- Direction
- promotede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The invasive fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, is able to survive and sporulate on the bark of fresh dead Castanea sativa wood for at least 2 years”
e4“Virus infection reduced canker expansion and promoted canker healing (callusing)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh chestnut dead wood may support the successful spread of natural hypovirulence in chestnut forests.
Verbatim
e5“fresh chestnut dead wood may play an important role in supporting the successful spread of natural hypovirulence in chestnut forests”
Claim · model-written summary
Applying virus-infected conidial suspensions may promote the establishment of artificially released hypoviruses in chestnut stands.
Verbatim
e6“combined with the application of virus-infected conidial suspensions, it may help promote the establishment of artificially released hypoviruses in chestnut stands”