Abstract
Cover crops can provide changes in soil chemical and physical properties, which could allow a sustainable development of soybean and upland rice rotation in Brazilian Cerrado. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cover crops (cultivated in the offseason) in the soybean-upland rice rotation (cultivated in the summer season) on the soil chemical and physical properties, yield components and grain yield of the cash crops. The experimental design was a randomized block design in factorial scheme 4 × 2 with six replications. Treatments were composed by four cover crops: fallow, millet (Pennisetum glaucum) + Crotalaria ochroleuca, millet + pigeon pea (Cajanus cajans), and millet + pigeon pea + Urochola ruziziensis in the offseason with one or two cycles of cover crops, with rice (Oryza sativa) or soybean (Glycine max) in the summer season. Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties. However, the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced pH, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil. The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow, especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer. In spite of the improvement of the soil physical properties after two years of rotation with cover crops and cash crops, the soil physical quality was still below the recommended level, showing values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively. Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow, mainly because of soil physical changes done by these mixtures of cover crops. Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Cover crops alone did not change soil chemical properties.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and Soybean
Glycine max
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Cover crops alonee0
- Outcome
- soil chemical propertiese0
- Direction
- no changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cover crops alone provided no changes in soil chemical properties.”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The rotation reduced soil pH, Al and H + Al.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash cropse0
- Outcome
- pH, Al and H + Ale0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced pH, Al and H + Al”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The rotation increased soil Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash cropse0
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rotation cover crops/cash crops/cover crops/cash crops reduced pH, Al and H + Al and increased Ca, Mg, K and Fe contents in the soil.”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Millet with pigeon pea improved soil physical properties versus fallow.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- millet + pigeon peae0
- Outcome
- soil physical propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 0–0.10 m soil layere0
- Comparator
- fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow, especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer.”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Millet with pigeon pea and U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties versus fallow.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensise0
- Outcome
- soil physical propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 0–0.10 m soil layere0
- Comparator
- fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cover crops millet + pigeon pea and millet + pigeon pea + U. ruziziensis improved soil physical properties in relation to fallow, especially in the 0–0.10 m soil layer.”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
After two years, soil macroporosity remained below 0.10 m3/m3.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- macroporositye0
- Direction
- lower thane0
- Value
- 0.10 m3/m3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
After two years, soil S index remained below 0.035.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- S indexe0
- Direction
- lower thane0
- Value
- 0.035e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
After two years, soil aeration capacity remained below 0.34.
- Taxon
- Upland Rice and SoybeanGlycine maxOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- soil aeration capacitye0
- Direction
- lower thane0
- Value
- 0.34e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“values of macroporosity, S index and soil aeration capacity lower than 0.10 m3/m3, 0.035 and 0.34, respectively”
t0“Upland Rice and Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Upland rice production was higher under mixed cover crops than fallow.
- Taxon
- Upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- mixtures of cover cropse0
- Outcome
- Upland rice productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upland rice production was higher under mixtures of cover crops than under fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was similar among all cover crops tested.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- cover crops testede0
- Outcome
- Soybean grain yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean grain yield was higher after a cover crop/rice/cover crop rotation than after one cover crop cycle.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover cropse0
- Outcome
- Soybean grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- only one cycle of cover cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean grain yield was similar under all cover crops tested, but was higher after the rotation cover crops/upland rice/cover crops than after only one cycle of cover crops.”
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