Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea can be a severe disease of tomato infecting leaves and fruits of tomato plants. Chemical control is currently the most effective and reliable method; however, application of fungicides has many drawbacks. The combination of biological control agents with newly developed fungicides may be a practicable method to control B. cinerea. Fluopimomide is a newly developed fungicide with a novel mode of action. Bacillus methylotrophicus TA-1, isolated from rhizosphere soil of tomato, is a bacterial strain with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. Little information is currently available about the effect of fluopimomide and its integrated effect on B. cinerea. Therefore, laboratory, pot, and field experiments were carried out to determine the effects of fluopimomide alone and in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 against gray mold on tomato. The in vitro growth of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 was unaffected by 100 mg liter −1 fluopimomide. Inhibition of B. cinerea mycelial growth was significantly increased under combined treatment of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1. In greenhouse experiments, efficacy against gray mold was significantly greater by an integration of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1 than by either alone; control efficacy of fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 at 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu) ml −1 reached 70.16 and 69.32%, respectively, compared with the untreated control. In both field trials during 2017 and 2018, control efficacy was significantly higher for the combination of fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 than for either treatment alone. The results from this study indicated that integration of the new fungicide fluopimomide with the biocontrol agent B. methylotrophicus TA-1 synergistically increased control efficacy of the fungicide against gray mold of tomato.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g/ha combined with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 gave 70.16 and 69.32% control efficacy against gray mold relative to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1e1
- Outcome
- control efficacye1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 70.16 and 69.32%e1
- Comparator
- untreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“control efficacy of fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 at 10 8 colony-forming units (cfu) ml −1 reached 70.16 and 69.32%, respectively, compared with the untreated control”
Claim · model-written summary
In greenhouse experiments, the combination of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1 gave significantly greater efficacy against gray mold than either agent alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- integration of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1e2
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- efficacy against gray molde2
- Direction
- significantly greatere2
- Comparator
- either alonee2
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea can be a severe disease of tomato infecting leaves and fruits of tomato plants.”
e2“In greenhouse experiments, efficacy against gray mold was significantly greater by an integration of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1 than by either alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Integration of fluopimomide with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 synergistically increased control efficacy of fluopimomide against tomato gray mold.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- integration of the new fungicide fluopimomide with the biocontrol agent B. methylotrophicus TA-1e7
- Outcome
- control efficacye7
- Direction
- synergistically increasede7
- Comparator
- the fungicidee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“integration of the new fungicide fluopimomide with the biocontrol agent B. methylotrophicus TA-1 synergistically increased control efficacy of the fungicide against gray mold of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
In field trials in 2017 and 2018, the combination of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1 gave significantly higher control efficacy than either treatment alone.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination of fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1e6
- Outcome
- control efficacye6
- Direction
- significantly highere6
- Comparator
- either treatment alonee6
- Setting
- field trials during 2017 and 2018e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e6“In both field trials during 2017 and 2018, control efficacy was significantly higher for the combination of fluopimomide at 50 and 100 g ha −1 in combination with B. methylotrophicus TA-1 than for either treatment alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 in vitro was unaffected by 100 mg/liter fluopimomide.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 100 mg liter −1 fluopimomidee7
- Interactor
- B. methylotrophicus TA-1
Bacillus velezensise7biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- in vitro growth of B. methylotrophicus TA-1e7
- Direction
- unaffectede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“The in vitro growth of B. methylotrophicus TA-1 was unaffected by 100 mg liter −1 fluopimomide”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1 significantly increased inhibition of B. cinerea mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combined treatment of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1e4
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae4pathogen
- Second interactor
- B. methylotrophicus TA-1Bacillus velezensise4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Inhibition of B. cinerea mycelial growthe4
- Direction
- significantly increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“Inhibition of B. cinerea mycelial growth was significantly increased under combined treatment of fluopimomide and B. methylotrophicus TA-1”
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