Abstract
Commercial kiwifruit production often requires substantial inputs for successful pollination. Determining the length of time that female flowers can be successfully pollinated can aid management decisions concerning pollination enhancement. The purpose of this research was to determine the effective pollination period (EPP) for ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and ‘AU Fitzgerald’. Either 30 (2013) or 32 (2014, 2015) flowers of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ were hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesis (DAA) or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination. Anthesis was considered the day the flower opened. Similarly, ‘AU Fitzgerald’ flowers were pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAA in 2013 and 1 to 7 DAA in 2015. For ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013, fruit set was consistent over the 5-day period, but fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreased between 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 DAA. In 2014, fruit set decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number each decreased in a linear trend. In 2015, fruit set also decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas all other responses decreased linearly. Based on fruit set in 2014 and 2015, the EPP for ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ was 6 DAA. The EPP for ‘AU Fitzgerald’, however, was more variable. In 2013, fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number decreased between 1 and 4 and 5 and 6 DAA, suggesting that the EPP was 4 DAA. In 2015, fruit set remained consistent over the 7-day period with fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreasing linearly. Differences in temperature and the alternate bearing tendency of kiwifruit species likely contributed to the discrepancies between the years for the EPP. For each cultivar, reductions in fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed before an observed decrease in fruit set. Greater fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed when flowers were pollinated within the first few DAA, with results varying thereafter.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit set of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013 was consistent over pollination at 1 to 5 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’
Actinidia chinensist0 - Treatment
- hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesise0
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- consistente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“Either 30 (2013) or 32 (2014, 2015) flowers of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ were hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesis”
e1“For ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013, fruit set was consistent over the 5-day period, but fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreased between 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013 decreased with pollination between 1 and 3 and between 4 and 5 DAA.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Treatment
- hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesise0
- Outcome
- fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed numbere1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- between 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 DAAe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“Either 30 (2013) or 32 (2014, 2015) flowers of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ were hand pollinated each day for 1 to 5 (2013) days after anthesis”
e1“For ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2013, fruit set was consistent over the 5-day period, but fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreased between 1 and 3 and 4 and 5 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit set of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2014 decreased with pollination between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015)e0
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- between 1 and 6 and 7 DAAe1
- Setting
- 2014e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination”
e1“In 2014, fruit set decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number each decreased in a linear trend”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2014 decreased in a linear trend with later pollination.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015)e0
- Outcome
- fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed numbere1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- in a linear trende1
- Setting
- 2014e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination”
e1“In 2014, fruit set decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number each decreased in a linear trend”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit set of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2015 decreased with pollination between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015)e0
- Outcome
- fruit sete1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- between 1 and 6 and 7 DAAe1
- Setting
- 2015e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination”
e1“In 2015, fruit set also decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas all other responses decreased linearly”
Claim · model-written summary
All other responses of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ in 2015 decreased linearly with later pollination.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015)e0
- Outcome
- all other responsese1
- Direction
- decreased linearlye1
- Setting
- 2015e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e0“or 1 to 7 DAA (2014, 2015), and then isolated to prevent open pollination”
e1“In 2015, fruit set also decreased between 1 and 6 and 7 DAA, whereas all other responses decreased linearly”
Claim · model-written summary
The effective pollination period of ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ was 6 days after anthesis, based on fruit set in 2014 and 2015.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’Actinidia chinensist0
- Outcome
- EPPe2
- Value
- 6 DAAe2
- Qualifier
- Based on fruit set in 2014 and 2015e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e2“Based on fruit set in 2014 and 2015, the EPP for ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ was 6 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number of A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ in 2013 decreased with pollination between 1 and 4 and between 5 and 6 DAA.
- Taxon
- A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Treatment
- pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAAe3
- Outcome
- fruit weight, fruit size index and seed numbere4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- between 1 and 4 and 5 and 6 DAAe4
- Setting
- 2013e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e3“Similarly, ‘AU Fitzgerald’ flowers were pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAA in 2013 and 1 to 7 DAA in 2015”
e4“In 2013, fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number decreased between 1 and 4 and 5 and 6 DAA, suggesting that the EPP was 4 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
The effective pollination period of A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ was suggested to be 4 days after anthesis in 2013.
- Taxon
- A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’Actinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- EPPe4
- Value
- 4 DAAe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e4“In 2013, fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number decreased between 1 and 4 and 5 and 6 DAA, suggesting that the EPP was 4 DAA”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit set of A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ in 2015 remained consistent over pollination at 1 to 7 DAA.
- Taxon
- A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’Actinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA in 2015e3
- Outcome
- fruit sete5
- Direction
- remained consistente5
- Setting
- 2015e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e3“Similarly, ‘AU Fitzgerald’ flowers were pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAA in 2013 and 1 to 7 DAA in 2015”
e5“In 2015, fruit set remained consistent over the 7-day period with fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreasing linearly”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight, fruit size index and seed number of A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ in 2015 decreased linearly with pollination at 1 to 7 DAA.
- Taxon
- A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’Actinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- 1 to 7 DAA in 2015e3
- Outcome
- fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed numbere5
- Direction
- decreasing linearlye5
- Setting
- 2015e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e3“Similarly, ‘AU Fitzgerald’ flowers were pollinated and then isolated 1 to 6 DAA in 2013 and 1 to 7 DAA in 2015”
e5“In 2015, fruit set remained consistent over the 7-day period with fruit weight, fruit size index, and seed number decreasing linearly”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in temperature and the alternate bearing tendency of kiwifruit species likely contributed to the year-to-year discrepancies in the EPP.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit speciesActinidia deliciosae6
- Outcome
- discrepancies between the years for the EPPe6
- Qualifier
- Differences in temperature and the alternate bearing tendencye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e6“Differences in temperature and the alternate bearing tendency of kiwifruit species likely contributed to the discrepancies between the years for the EPP”
Claim · model-written summary
For each cultivar, reductions in fruit weight, size and seed number were observed before the decrease in fruit set.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- each cultivare7
- Outcome
- fruit weight, size, and seed numbere7
- Qualifier
- were observed before an observed decrease in fruit sete7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e7“For each cultivar, reductions in fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed before an observed decrease in fruit set”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight, size and seed number of kiwifruit were greater when flowers were pollinated within the first few DAA.
- Taxon
- KiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- flowers were pollinated within the first few DAAe1
- Outcome
- fruit weight, size, and seed numbere1
- Direction
- Greatere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Actinidia chinensis ‘AU Golden Sunshine’ and A. deliciosa ‘AU Fitzgerald’ Kiwifruit”
e1“Greater fruit weight, size, and seed number were observed when flowers were pollinated within the first few DAA, with results varying thereafter”
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See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.