Abstract
BACKGROUND: Great efforts have been made to identify grasses that are resistant to spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). However, the time required to develop and launch new cultivars is relatively long. The employment of resistance inducers is a current strategy that may be useful for the control of insect pests. This analysis evaluates the feasibility of using the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide to increase spittlebug resistance based on changes in forage grass vegetative characteristics and the biological traits of Mahanarva spectabilis (Distant, 1909). RESULTS: Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses. Furthermore, silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage by positively influencing the growth and development of forage grasses. These inducers did not negatively alter the biological parameters of M. spectabilis or diminish its population. However, phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects, but this parameter was not useful to predict spittlebug resistance. This fact suggests that the physiological and biochemical changes caused by silicon should be further studied. CONCLUSION: The current analysis demonstrated that application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults caused significant forage grass damage.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Treatment
- Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adultse0
- Interactor
- Mahanarva spectabilis
Mahanarva spectabilise0pest - Outcome
- damagee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon did not sufficiently lessen damage through forage grass growth and development.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Interactor
- Mahanarva spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise1pest
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- not sufficient to lessene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage by positively influencing the growth and development of forage grasses.”
e1“Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide did not sufficiently lessen damage through forage grass growth and development.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Treatment
- nitric oxidee0
- Interactor
- Mahanarva spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise1pest
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- not sufficient to lessene0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage by positively influencing the growth and development of forage grasses.”
e1“Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon did not negatively alter M. spectabilis biological parameters or diminish its population.
- Taxon
- M. spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise0
- Treatment
- silicone1
- Outcome
- biological parameters of M. spectabilise0
- Direction
- did not negatively altere0
- Qualifier
- or diminish its populatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These inducers did not negatively alter the biological parameters of M. spectabilis or diminish its population.”
e1“silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitric oxide did not negatively alter M. spectabilis biological parameters or diminish its population.
- Taxon
- M. spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise0
- Treatment
- nitric oxidee1
- Outcome
- biological parameters of M. spectabilise0
- Direction
- did not negatively altere0
- Qualifier
- or diminish its populatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These inducers did not negatively alter the biological parameters of M. spectabilis or diminish its population.”
e1“silicon and nitric oxide inducers were not sufficient to lessen this damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon treatment increased forage grass phenolic concentrations.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Treatment
- silicone0
- Outcome
- phenolic compound concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult insect attack increased forage grass phenolic concentrations.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Treatment
- attacked by adult insectse0
- Interactor
- Mahanarva spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise1pest
- Outcome
- phenolic compound concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects”
e1“Mahanarva spectabilis nymphs and adults can cause significant damage to forage grasses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic concentrations were not useful for predicting spittlebug resistance.
- Taxon
- forage grassese0
- Interactor
- spittlebuge0pest
- Outcome
- predict spittlebug resistancee0
- Qualifier
- not usefule0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“phenolic compound concentrations increased when forage grasses were treated with silicon or attacked by adult insects, but this parameter was not useful to predict spittlebug resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend further study of silicon-induced physiological and biochemical changes.
Verbatim
e0“This fact suggests that the physiological and biochemical changes caused by silicon should be further studied.”
t0“forage grasses”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon and nitric oxide applications are not currently viable for effective economical M. spectabilis management on Brachiaria ruziziensis.
- Taxon
- Brachiaria ruziziensis
Urochloa ruziziensise0 - Treatment
- application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxidee0
- Interactor
- M. spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise0pest
- Outcome
- not a viable strategy for the effective and economic managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon and nitric oxide applications are not currently viable for effective economical M. spectabilis management on Pennisetum purpureum.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum purpureum
.jpg?width=60)
Cenchrus purpureuse0 - Treatment
- application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxidee0
- Interactor
- M. spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise0pest
- Outcome
- not a viable strategy for the effective and economic managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Silicon and nitric oxide applications are not currently viable for effective economical M. spectabilis management on Digitaria sp.
- Treatment
- application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxidee0
- Interactor
- M. spectabilisMahanarva spectabilise0pest
- Outcome
- not a viable strategy for the effective and economic managemente0
DigitariaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the chemical inducers silicon and nitric oxide is currently not a viable strategy for the effective and economic management of M. spectabilis on Brachiaria ruziziensis, Pennisetum purpureum and Digitaria sp.”