Abstract
Abstract Recent commercialization of auxin herbicide–based weed control systems has led to increased off-target exposure of susceptible cotton cultivars to auxin herbicides. Off-target deposition of dilute concentrations of auxin herbicides can occur on cotton at any stage of growth. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Mississippi from 2014 to 2016 to assess the response of cotton at various growth stages after exposure to a sublethal 2,4-D concentration of 8.3 g ae ha −1 . Herbicide applications occurred weekly from 0 to 14 weeks after emergence (WAE). Cotton exposure to 2,4-D at 2 to 9 WAE resulted in up to 64% visible injury, whereas 2,4-D exposure 5 to 6 WAE resulted in machine-harvested yield reductions of 18% to 21%. Cotton maturity was delayed after exposure 2 to 10 WAE, and height was increased from exposure 6 to 9 WAE due to decreased fruit set after exposure. Total hand-harvested yield was reduced from 2,4-D exposure 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAE. Growth stage at time of exposure influenced the distribution of yield by node and position. Yield on lower and inner fruiting sites generally decreased from exposure, and yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sites increased. Reductions in gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length, fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation were observed after exposure at certain growth stages, but the overall effects on fiber properties were small. These results indicate that cotton is most sensitive to low concentrations of 2,4-D during late vegetative and squaring growth stages.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton visible injury resulted in after sublethal 2,4-D exposure at 2 to 9 WAE.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- resulted ine0
- Value
- up to 64%e0
- Qualifier
- 2 to 9 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton exposure to 2,4-D at 2 to 9 WAE resulted in up to 64% visible injury”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton machine-harvested yield reductions reductions after sublethal 2,4-D exposure at 5 to 6 WAE.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- machine-harvested yield reductionse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 18% to 21%e0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 6 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2,4-D exposure 5 to 6 WAE resulted in machine-harvested yield reductions of 18% to 21%”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton maturity delayed after sublethal 2,4-D exposure at 2 to 10 WAE.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- maturitye0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 2 to 10 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton maturity was delayed after exposure 2 to 10 WAE”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton height increased after sublethal 2,4-D exposure at 6 to 9 WAE.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 6 to 9 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“height was increased from exposure 6 to 9 WAE due to decreased fruit set after exposure”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton Total hand-harvested yield reduced after sublethal 2,4-D exposure at 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAE.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- Total hand-harvested yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAEe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total hand-harvested yield was reduced from 2,4-D exposure 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAE”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton Yield on lower and inner fruiting sites decreased after sublethal 2,4-D exposure.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- Yield on lower and inner fruiting sitese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield on lower and inner fruiting sites generally decreased from exposure”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sites increased after sublethal 2,4-D exposure.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sitese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sites increased”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length Reductions after sublethal 2,4-D exposure.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- gin turnout, micronaire, fiber lengthe0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length, fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation were observed after exposure at certain growth stages”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation Reductions after sublethal 2,4-D exposure.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De1
- Outcome
- fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongatione0
- Direction
- Reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reductions in gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length, fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation were observed after exposure at certain growth stages”
t0“cotton”
e1“2,4-D”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →2,4-D · crop injury · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →2,4-D · phenology · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
2,4-D · quality: grain · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.