Abstract
Three herbicides, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)- s -triazine (simazine), and 3- tert -butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil), applied annually at 0.45, 0.90, and 1.80 kg/ha for 2 or 3 years to establish forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ‘Ranger’), effectively controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum L.), and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.). However, downy brome control decreased to less than half and broadleaf control ceased 18 months after the final herbicide application. Atrazine injured alfalfa most. Usually, annual applications of 0.45 kg/ha did not reduce yield. Greenhouse and field bioassay data indicated that the herbicides leached below the 0 to 32.5 cm soil zone and persisted. Residues were absorbed by roots of crops planted 2 to 3 years after the last application. Injury was similar whether the last application was made 18 or 30 months previously. The order of crop tolerance was sweet corn (Zea mays L. ‘Rugosa’) > potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L. ‘Norgold’) > winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Nugaines’) > bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Humilis’) ≅ sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘U. & I. hybrid No. 8′).
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Annual herbicide applications controlled downy brome, tumble mustard and prickly lettuce in alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Interactor
- Bromus tectorum L.
Bromus tectorume0weed - Outcome
- downy bromee0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three herbicides, 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine (atrazine), 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)- s -triazine (simazine), and 3- tert -butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil), applied annually at 0.45, 0.90, and 1.80 kg/ha for 2 or 3 years to establish forage alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ‘Ranger’), effectively controlled downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum L.), and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola L.).”
Claim · model-written summary
Downy brome control fell below half 18 months after final herbicide application.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- downy bromeBromus tectorume0weed
- Outcome
- downy brome controle0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- less than halfe0
- Qualifier
- 18 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“downy brome control decreased to less than half and broadleaf control ceased 18 months after the final herbicide application.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Broadleaf weed control ceased 18 months after final application.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- broadleaf controle0
- Direction
- ceasede0
- Qualifier
- 18 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“broadleaf control ceased 18 months after the final herbicide application.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine caused the most injury to alfalfa.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- Atrazinee0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Direction
- moste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atrazine injured alfalfa most.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual herbicide applications at 0.45 kg/ha usually did not reduce alfalfa yield.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- annual applications of 0.45 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Usually, annual applications of 0.45 kg/ha did not reduce yield.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides leached below the 0 to 32.5 cm soil zone and persisted.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Outcome
- herbicides leachede0
- Value
- 0 to 32.5 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Greenhouse and field bioassay data indicated that the herbicides leached below the 0 to 32.5 cm soil zone and persisted.”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Crops planted two to three years later absorbed herbicide residues through roots.
Verbatim
e0“Residues were absorbed by roots of crops planted 2 to 3 years after the last application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop injury was similar whether last herbicide application was 18 or 30 months earlier.
Verbatim
e0“Injury was similar whether the last application was made 18 or 30 months previously.”
t0“Crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop tolerance ranked sweet corn above potatoes, winter wheat, bush beans and sugar beets.
Verbatim
e0“The order of crop tolerance was sweet corn (Zea mays L. ‘Rugosa’) > potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L. ‘Norgold’) > winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Nugaines’) > bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Humilis’) ≅ sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘U. & I. hybrid No. 8′).”
The same questions in other papers
atrazine · crop injury · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
herbicide · Bromus tectorum · Medicago sativa (alfalfa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.