Abstract
The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Infestation in the store starts mostly through freshly harvested infested tubers or through moths entering the storage facilities. Larvae mine in tubers making them unsuitable for sale and consumption. Damage increases rapidly when several generations develop during the storage period. Larvae are capable of causing damage to the crop either in the field or in the store. Biopesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. During the course of evolution, plants have developed, as part of their defensive mechanism, various chemical molecules, which proved a protection against insect pests, since the overall pressure of insect on plant is much more than any other herbivore. Biopesticides prepared from plants are reported to have the ability to kill or keep away the pests. They are eco-friendly. The plant products have additional advantage over synthetic insecticides, as they are biodegradable, safe to non-target organisms, leave no residues, and decrease the buildup of resistance strains of insects. Present research is conducted to evaluate the capacity of certain natural local alternative plant powders against PTM under storage conditions as attempts to providing alternative and novel strategies that can be used by both the commercial and/or small-scale potato farmers to control the pest in the store. Twelve different plants (Zygophyllum, Solanum, Coriander, Arnoglosse, Jasmine, Senna, Colocynth, Camomile, Harmel, Geranium, Basil, and Mint) locally available in the fields of the Eastern Province of the Saudi Arabian kingdom were air-dried under a shad at ambient tropical condition. The air dried materials were grinded into fine powders and kept in tight containers until using. Potato tubers were shacked with the plant powders for a good mixing, until tubers were uniformly covered and the powders stick well to the tuber surfaces. Different dried leaves or fruits of the 12 tested plants were powdered to be used at rate of 25 g plant powder per 1 Kg tubers. The experiments were distributed in a randomized complete block design. Different biological aspects of the treatments were calculated; damage index to tubers and persistence of protection to the tubers during different intervals of storage were recorded. All plant powders had a reduction effect on the deposited eggs laid on the treated tubers with different degrees. The dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on the treated tubers than the control, followed by Jassmin, Senna, Cammomil, and Harmel. The powders of Basil and Solanum also recorded a moderate reduction in egg deposition. Zygophyllum and Coriander could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks. All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17). All treatments had no effects on the tuber germination. The study showed that all the tested plant powders, at the rate of 25 g plant powder per 1 Kg potato tubers, could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks from PTM infestation during storage. The most potent powders were Coriander and Zygophyllum. All other powders decreased the number of the emerged adults from the treated tubers, with variable degrees, and decreased the percentage of tubers’ damage index recorded. Besides, all the tested plant powders had no effects on the tubers’ germination.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
All plant powders reduced the number of eggs deposited on treated potato tubers, to differing degrees.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.
Solanum tuberosume0 - Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- plant powderse1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculella
Phthorimaea operculellae0pest - Outcome
- deposited eggse1
- Direction
- reduction effecte1
- Qualifier
- with different degreese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All plant powders had a reduction effect on the deposited eggs laid on the treated tubers with different degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
Dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on treated tubers relative to the control.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllume1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- egg depositione1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“The dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on the treated tubers than the control, followed by Jassmin, Senna, Cammomil, and Harmel”
Claim · model-written summary
Jassmin, Senna and Cammomil powders also reduced egg deposition relative to the control, after the first group.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Jassmin, Senna, Cammomile1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- egg depositione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“The dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on the treated tubers than the control, followed by Jassmin, Senna, Cammomil, and Harmel”
Claim · model-written summary
Harmel powder also reduced egg deposition relative to the control, after the first group.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Harmele1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- egg depositione1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“The dried powders of Coriander, Clocynth, and Zygophyllum reduced egg deposition on the treated tubers than the control, followed by Jassmin, Senna, Cammomil, and Harmel”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil and Solanum powders recorded a moderate reduction in egg deposition.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- powders of Basil and Solanume1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- egg depositione1
- Direction
- moderate reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“The powders of Basil and Solanum also recorded a moderate reduction in egg deposition”
Claim · model-written summary
Zygophyllum and Coriander could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- tuberse1
- Treatment
- Zygophyllum and Coriandere1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- protect the tuberse1
- Direction
- could protecte1
- Value
- more than 8 weekse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“Zygophyllum and Coriander could protect the tubers for more than 8 weeks”
Claim · model-written summary
Coriander and Zygophyllum powders had 0 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Coriander = Zygophyllume1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- (0)e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Basil powder had 17.39 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Basile1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 17.39e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Geranium powder had 17.85 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Geraniume1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 17.85e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cammomil powder had 18.75 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Cammomile1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 18.75e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnoglosse powder had 19.32 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Arnoglossee1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 19.32e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmine powder had 21.62 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Jasminee1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 21.62e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mint powder had 21.69 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Minte1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 21.69e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Harmel powder had 52.77 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Harmele1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 52.77e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Senna and Colocynth powders had 72.72 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Senna and Colocynthe1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 72.72e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
Solanum powder had 100 emerged moths, minimized relative to untreated tubers (95.17).
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- treated tuberse1
- Treatment
- Solanume1
- Interactor
- Phthorimaea operculellaPhthorimaea operculellae0pest
- Outcome
- number of emerged mothse1
- Direction
- greatly minimizede1
- Value
- 100e1
- Qualifier
- 95.17e1
- Comparator
- untreated tuberse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other treatments greatly minimized the number of emerged moths from the treated tubers (F1), as follows: Coriander = Zygophyllum (0) > Basil (17.39) > Geranium (17.85) > Cammomil (18.75) > Arnoglosse (19.32) > Jasmine (21.62) > Mint (21.69) > Harmel (52.77) > Senna and Colocynth (72.72) > Solanum (100) compared with untreated tubers (95.17)”
Claim · model-written summary
All plant treatments had no effect on tuber germination.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- tubere1
- Treatment
- All treatmentse1
- Outcome
- tuber germinatione1
- Direction
- no effectse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All treatments had no effects on the tuber germination”
Claim · model-written summary
All other powders decreased the percentage of tuber damage index.
- Taxon
- Solanum tuberosum L.Solanum tuberosume0
- Organ / stage
- tuberse1
- Treatment
- All other powderse1
- Outcome
- damage indexe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is an important storage pest of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)”
e1“All other powders decreased the number of the emerged adults from the treated tubers, with variable degrees, and decreased the percentage of tubers’ damage index recorded”
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