Abstract
Research has shown that chitosan induces plant stress tolerance and protection, but few studies have explored chemical modifications of chitosan and their effects on plants under water stress. Chitosan and its derivatives were applied (isolated or in mixture) to maize hybrids sensitive to water deficit under greenhouse conditions through foliar spraying at the pre-flowering stage. After the application, water deficit was induced for 15 days. Analyses of leaves and biochemical gas exchange in the ear leaf were performed on the first and fifteenth days of the stress period. Production attributes were also analysed at the end of the experiment. In general, the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase at the beginning of the stress period, in addition to reducing lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde content) and increasing gas exchange and proline contents at the end of the stress period. The derivatives also increased the content of phenolic compounds and the activity of enzymes involved in their production (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase). Dehydroascorbate reductase and compounds such as total soluble sugars, total amino acids, starch, grain yield and harvest index increased for both the derivatives and chitosan. However, the mixture of derivatives was the treatment that led to the higher increase in grain yield and harvest index compared to the other treatments. The application of semisynthetic molecules derived from chitosan yielded greater leaf gas exchange and a higher incidence of the biochemical conditions that relieve plant stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives or their mixture increased superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities early in water stress.
- Treatment
- the two chitosan derivatives or their mixturee0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidasee0
- Direction
- potentiatede0
- Qualifier
- at the beginning of the stress periode0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase at the beginning of the stress period”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives or their mixture increased glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase activities early in water stress.
- Treatment
- the two chitosan derivatives or their mixturee1
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidasee0
- Direction
- potentiatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glutathione reductase and guaiacol peroxidase at the beginning of the stress period”
e1“the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated the activities”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives or their mixture reduced maize leaf lipid peroxidation.
- Treatment
- the two chitosan derivatives or their mixturee1
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde content)e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde content)”
e1“the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives or their mixture increased maize gas exchange at the end of water stress.
- Treatment
- the two chitosan derivatives or their mixturee1
- Outcome
- gas exchangee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- at the end of the stress periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing gas exchange and proline contents at the end of the stress period”
e1“the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives or their mixture increased maize proline content at the end of water stress.
- Treatment
- the two chitosan derivatives or their mixturee1
- Outcome
- proline contentse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing gas exchange and proline contents at the end of the stress period”
e1“the application of the two chitosan derivatives or their mixture potentiated”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives increased maize phenolic compound content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The derivatives also increased the content of phenolic compounds”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan derivatives increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase activities.
- Treatment
- The derivativese0
- Outcome
- activity of enzymes involved in their production (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The derivatives also increased the content of phenolic compounds and the activity of enzymes involved in their production (phenylalanine ammonia lyase and tyrosine ammonia lyase)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan and derivatives increased dehydroascorbate reductase in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydroascorbate reductase and compounds such as total soluble sugars, total amino acids, starch, grain yield and harvest index increased for both the derivatives and chitosan”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan and derivatives increased maize total soluble sugars, total amino acids and starch.
- Treatment
- both the derivatives and chitosane0
- Outcome
- total soluble sugars, total amino acids, starche0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dehydroascorbate reductase and compounds such as total soluble sugars, total amino acids, starch, grain yield and harvest index increased for both the derivatives and chitosan”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan and derivatives increased maize grain yield and harvest index.
- Treatment
- both the derivatives and chitosane0
- Outcome
- grain yield and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield and harvest index increased for both the derivatives and chitosan”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The derivative mixture gave the greatest increase in maize grain yield and harvest index among treatments.
- Treatment
- the mixture of derivativese0
- Outcome
- grain yield and harvest indexe0
- Direction
- higher increasee0
- Comparator
- the other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mixture of derivatives was the treatment that led to the higher increase in grain yield and harvest index compared to the other treatments”
t0“maize”
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