Abstract
Intercropping is a sustainable practice to achieve higher production with the aim to limit external inputs. A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran, during 2016 growing seasons with ten treatments to evaluate the yield, analyze the competition and insect’s assemblages in sunflower (as main plant)/soybean (as companion plant) intercropping. Treatments included sunflower sole cropping, soybean sole cropping, replacing intercropping sunflower with soybean (50:50, 34:66, 66:34, 40:60, 60:40, 25:75) and additive intercropping of two plants (100:50 and 100:100%). Results showed that the highest sunflower grain yield (275 g m-2) was obtained in sunflower monoculture that was not significantly different with intercropping ratios of 25:75 and 60:40. Also, the highest and lowest grain yield of soybean was achieved in soybean monoculture (130.1 g m-2) and ratio of 100:50 (48.5 g m-2), respectively. The highest land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage value was obtained in intercropping ratio of 25:75. Moreover, in all cropping patterns the aggressivity (A) and crowding ratio (CR) values of sunflower were higher than soybean, indicating that sunflower was the dominant species. Also, the highest density for herbivores was recorded in soybean monoculture and the families of Thripidae (37.60- 43.87%) and Cicadellidae (34.01-37.71%) had the most relative density. Furthermore, intercropping of sunflower with soybean increased pollinators and natural enemies’ abundance compared with monocultures. Overall, based on the ecological, agronomical and economical indices intercropping sunflower with soybean with ratio of 25:75 is a feasible alternative method to achieve similar production with respect to monocropping.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower monoculture gave the highest sunflower grain yield, 275 g m-2
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- sunflower monoculturee0
- Outcome
- sunflower grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 275 g m-2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“the highest sunflower grain yield (275 g m-2) was obtained in sunflower monoculture that was not significantly different with intercropping ratios of 25:75 and 60:40”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower grain yield in monoculture did not differ significantly from intercropping at 25:75 and 60:40
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- sunflower monoculturee0
- Outcome
- sunflower grain yielde0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- intercropping ratios of 25:75 and 60:40e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e0“the highest sunflower grain yield (275 g m-2) was obtained in sunflower monoculture that was not significantly different with intercropping ratios of 25:75 and 60:40”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean monoculture gave the highest soybean grain yield, 130.1 g m-2
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt1 - Treatment
- soybean monoculturee1
- Outcome
- grain yield of soybeane1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 130.1 g m-2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e1“the highest and lowest grain yield of soybean was achieved in soybean monoculture (130.1 g m-2) and ratio of 100:50 (48.5 g m-2), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The 100:50 additive intercropping ratio gave the lowest soybean grain yield, 48.5 g m-2
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Treatment
- ratio of 100:50e1
- Outcome
- grain yield of soybeane1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 48.5 g m-2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e1“the highest and lowest grain yield of soybean was achieved in soybean monoculture (130.1 g m-2) and ratio of 100:50 (48.5 g m-2), respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping ratio of 25:75 gave the highest land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage value
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- intercropping ratio of 25:75e2
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage valuee2
- Direction
- higheste2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e2“The highest land equivalent ratio, monetary advantage index and intercropping advantage value was obtained in intercropping ratio of 25:75”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower had higher aggressivity and crowding ratio values than soybean in all cropping patterns
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- aggressivity (A) and crowding ratio (CR) values of sunflowere3
- Direction
- highere3
- Comparator
- soybeane3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e3“in all cropping patterns the aggressivity (A) and crowding ratio (CR) values of sunflower were higher than soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest density of herbivores was recorded in soybean monoculture
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt1
- Interactor
- herbivorese4herbivore
- Outcome
- density for herbivorese4
- Direction
- higheste4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“soybean (Glycine max L.)”
e4“the highest density for herbivores was recorded in soybean monoculture”
Claim · model-written summary
Thripidae had the most relative density among insects in the sunflower and soybean system
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- relative densitye5
- Direction
- moste5
- Value
- 37.60- 43.87%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e5“the families of Thripidae (37.60- 43.87%) and Cicadellidae (34.01-37.71%) had the most relative density”
Claim · model-written summary
Cicadellidae had the most relative density among insects in the sunflower and soybean system
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Interactor
- CicadellidaeCicadellidaee5herbivore
- Outcome
- relative densitye5
- Direction
- moste5
- Value
- 34.01-37.71%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e5“the families of Thripidae (37.60- 43.87%) and Cicadellidae (34.01-37.71%) had the most relative density”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping sunflower with soybean increased the abundance of pollinators and natural enemies compared with monocultures
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- intercropping of sunflower with soybeane6
- Interactor
- pollinatorse6pollinator
- Second interactor
- natural enemiese6biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- abundancee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- monoculturese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e6“intercropping of sunflower with soybean increased pollinators and natural enemies’ abundance compared with monocultures”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping sunflower with soybean at 25:75 is a feasible alternative to monocropping for similar production
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- intercropping sunflower with soybean with ratio of 25:75e7
- Outcome
- similar productione7
- Comparator
- monocroppinge7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e7“intercropping sunflower with soybean with ratio of 25:75 is a feasible alternative method to achieve similar production with respect to monocropping”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 144 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.