Abstract
The performance and evaluation of four sowing equipment treatment was determined for cultivation of wheat crop. Four different treatment such as zero till seed-cumfertilizer drill, Roto till seed-cum-fertilizer drill, 1xcultivator + 1x disc harrow + seed-cum-fertilizer drill,1x cultivator + 2x disc harrow + raised bed planter (Aikins and Afuakwa, 2010) all prevailing environmental condition such climatic condition i.e. temperature and relative humidity, physical properties of soil i.e. soil moisture content, bulk density and shear strength, as well as machine and crop parameters were studied before sowing treatment (Benjamin and Cruse, 1987). There are several drills like conventional, zero till, rototill, raised bed planting etc. can be used for sowing wheat. The improved machines not only deliver the desired amount of seed and fertilizer but also save time and energy. The performance of seed drill is improved by manipulating the depth of sowing and thickness of soil cover over the seed as well as pressing the soil cover (Baumgartl and Horn,1991.) The initial bulk density of soil reduced in treatment T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 as the soil manipulation occurred. The soil moisture content after sowing decreased in all the treatments at different depths. The highest reduction was observed in treatment T 4 due to more tillage operation and used of raised bed planter. Better soil pulverization was observed in case of treatment T 2 where seed bed was prepared by rotary tiller. The cone index of soil was increased with depth. It was found to be minimum at different depths in treatment T 4 which includes 1 x cultivator followed by 2 x disc harrow then sowing by using raised bed planter. The similar trend was observed even at 100 DAS. The field efficiency was found to be maximum (77.02%) in treatment T 1 and minimum (60.91%) in treatment T 4 . This is because maneuverability and initial in case of zero till dril. The plant height varied in different treatments till 15DAS, however, at latest age of crop growth. The plant height was near to each others though it was more in treatments T 3 and T 4 . This is because soil was tilled deeper which probably helped in more root growth. The number of plants/m length, seed emergence was minimum in treatment T 1 and similar in other treatment. The plant population was also less in treatment T 1 and similar in treatment T 2 , T 3 and T 4 . It was found more in treatment T 4 . Length of ear head in all the treatment was almost similar. The weed count was found to be minimum in treatment T 4 and maximum in treatment T 1 as there was no soil manipulation in treatment T 1 . The crop cutting yield was minimum (48.3q/ha) in treatment and maximum in treatment T 4 (51.7q/ha), in treatments T 2 and T 3 there is slight difference in grain yield. The straw yield was minimum (57.95q/ha) in case of treatment T 1 probably due to less tillers and less plant population. 1000 grain weight was found similar in all the treatments (Bhattacharyya et al., 2008).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Initial soil bulk density fell under all four treatments.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- bulk density of soile0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The initial bulk density of soil reduced in treatment T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture after sowing decreased under all treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- soil moisture contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil moisture content after sowing decreased in all the treatments at different depths”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had the largest soil moisture reduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Outcome
- highest reductione0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest reduction was observed in treatment T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 had better soil pulverization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 2e0
- Outcome
- soil pulverizatione0
- Direction
- Bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Better soil pulverization was observed in case of treatment T 2”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil cone index rose with depth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- cone index of soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cone index of soil was increased with depth”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had minimum cone index across depths.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Outcome
- minimume0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found to be minimum at different depths in treatment T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 had maximum field efficiency of 77.02%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- field efficiencye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 77.02%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“field efficiency was found to be maximum (77.02%) in treatment T 1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had minimum field efficiency of 60.91%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Outcome
- minimume0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 60.91%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum (60.91%) in treatment T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat plant height was greater in T3 and T4 at later growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatments T 3 and T 4e0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height was near to each others though it was more in treatments T 3 and T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants per metre and emergence were minimum in T1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- number of plants/m length, seed emergencee0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of plants/m length, seed emergence was minimum in treatment T 1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant population was lower in T1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- plant populatione0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant population was also less in treatment T 1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant population was greatest in T4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Outcome
- moree0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found more in treatment T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Ear head length was almost similar across treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Length of ear heade0
- Direction
- almost similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Length of ear head in all the treatment was almost similar”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed count was minimum in T4.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed counte0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“weed count was found to be minimum in treatment T 4”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed count was maximum in T1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- maximume0
- Direction
- maximume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum in treatment T 1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum crop cutting yield was 48.3q/ha, with treatment unspecified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- crop cutting yielde0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 48.3q/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop cutting yield was minimum (48.3q/ha) in treatment”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 had maximum crop cutting yield of 51.7q/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 4e0
- Outcome
- maximume0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 51.7q/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum in treatment T 4 (51.7q/ha)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T2 and T3 differed slightly in grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatments T 2 and T 3e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- slight differencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in treatments T 2 and T 3 there is slight difference in grain yield”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 had minimum straw yield of 57.95q/ha.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treatment T 1e0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 57.95q/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw yield was minimum (57.95q/ha) in case of treatment T 1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Thousand grain weight was similar among treatments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- 1000 grain weighte0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“1000 grain weight was found similar in all the treatments”
t0“wheat”