Abstract
Tropical spiderwort is an exotic, invasive weed in the southern USA that has become one of the most troublesome cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida. Due to the continuous emergence pattern of tropical spiderwort, successful management will require a multi-component approach that includes an effective herbicide with soil residual activity. Field studies were conducted in Georgia and North Carolina to evaluate the effectiveness of several preemergence herbicides in suppressing tropical spiderwort emergence. The most effective (> = 80% control) herbicides in 2002 at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) were clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/ha, fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai/ha, and s-metholachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg ai/ha. In 2003 and 2004, only s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha controlled tropical spiderwort >80%. Because of soil type restrictions in 2003 and 2004, lower rates of fluometuron were used, and tropical spiderwort control was reduced 24 to 49%. Diuron, flumioxazin, norflurazon, and prometryn provided <70% control. Linear relationships were observed for tropical spiderwort emergence over time during the first 80 d after planting (DAP) for the herbicides evaluated. Rates of tropical spiderwort emergence for most treatments were similar to the untreated control (1.61% per day). Flumioxazin at 0.035 kg/ha (1.22% per day) and s-metolachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg/ha (0.73 and 0.50% per day, respectively) had lower rates of emergence than the untreated control. The time at which 40% of the total emergence for the season in the untreated control occurred was termed the E40. Application of s-metolachlor at 1.07 kg/ha delayed E40 populations by 21 d relative to the untreated control, while s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha suppressed emergence below the E40 until cotton canopy closure in Georgia. The application of herbicides with soil residual activity will be crucial for management of tropical spiderwort.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002 clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/ha provided at least 80% spiderwort control at 6 WAT.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume1 - Treatment
- clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/hae0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- > = 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective (> = 80% control) herbicides in 2002 at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) were clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/ha”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002 fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai/ha provided at least 80% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai/hae0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- > = 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective (> = 80% control) herbicides in 2002 at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) were clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/ha, fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai/ha”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002 s-metholachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg ai/ha provided at least 80% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metholachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg ai/hae0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Value
- > = 80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective (> = 80% control) herbicides in 2002 at 6 wk after treatment (WAT) were clomazone at 0.42 and 1.05 kg ai/ha, fluometuron at 1.68 kg ai/ha, and s-metholachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg ai/ha.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2003 and 2004 only s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha controlled spiderwort above 80%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/hae0
- Interactor
- tropical spiderworte0weed
- Outcome
- tropical spiderworte0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Value
- >80%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2003 and 2004, only s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha controlled tropical spiderwort >80%.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower fluometuron rates in 2003 and 2004 reduced spiderwort control by 24 to 49%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- lower rates of fluometurone0
- Interactor
- tropical spiderworte0weed
- Outcome
- tropical spiderwort controle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24 to 49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Because of soil type restrictions in 2003 and 2004, lower rates of fluometuron were used, and tropical spiderwort control was reduced 24 to 49%.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
Diuron, flumioxazin, norflurazon and prometryn each provided under 70% control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Diuron, flumioxazin, norflurazon, and prometryne0
- Outcome
- controle0
- Value
- <70%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Diuron, flumioxazin, norflurazon, and prometryn provided <70% control.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
Spiderwort emergence followed linear relationships during the first 80 days after planting.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Interactor
- tropical spiderworte0weed
- Outcome
- tropical spiderwort emergence over timee0
- Qualifier
- first 80 d after planting (DAP)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Linear relationships were observed for tropical spiderwort emergence over time during the first 80 d after planting (DAP) for the herbicides evaluated.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
Most treatments had emergence rates similar to untreated control at 1.61% per day.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- most treatmentse0
- Interactor
- tropical spiderworte0weed
- Outcome
- tropical spiderwort emergencee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Value
- 1.61% per daye0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rates of tropical spiderwort emergence for most treatments were similar to the untreated control (1.61% per day).”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
Flumioxazin at 0.035 kg/ha lowered emergence to 1.22% per day compared with untreated control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- Flumioxazin at 0.035 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- rates of emergencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 1.22% per daye0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flumioxazin at 0.035 kg/ha (1.22% per day) and s-metolachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg/ha (0.73 and 0.50% per day, respectively) had lower rates of emergence than the untreated control.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor at 1.07 kg/ha lowered emergence to 0.73% per day.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor at 1.07e0
- Outcome
- rates of emergencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.73e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“s-metolachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg/ha (0.73 and 0.50% per day, respectively) had lower rates of emergence than the untreated control.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha lowered emergence to 0.50% per day.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- rates of emergencee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 0.50% per daye0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“s-metolachlor at 1.07 and 1.60 kg/ha (0.73 and 0.50% per day, respectively) had lower rates of emergence than the untreated control.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor at 1.07 kg/ha delayed E40 by 21 days.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor at 1.07 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- E40 populationse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- 21 de0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of s-metolachlor at 1.07 kg/ha delayed E40 populations by 21 d relative to the untreated control”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
S-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha kept emergence below E40 until cotton canopy closure in Georgia.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- until cotton canopy closuree0
- Setting
- Georgiae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“s-metolachlor at 1.60 kg/ha suppressed emergence below the E40 until cotton canopy closure in Georgia.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend herbicides with soil residual activity for spiderwort management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Interactor
- tropical spiderworte0weed
- Outcome
- application of herbicides with soil residual activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of herbicides with soil residual activity will be crucial for management of tropical spiderwort.”
e1“cotton weeds in Georgia and Florida”
The same questions in other papers
flumioxazin · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
norflurazon · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
diuron · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →flumioxazin · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →prometryn · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →fluometuron · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →clomazone · control · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.